Riassunto
Le prime osservazioni relative alla presenza di disturbi psichiatrici e cognitivi nei pazienti affetti da sclerosi multipla (SM) risalgono al 1877 a opera di Jean Martin Charcot (Charcot, 1877): molti altri decenni dovettero, perĂ², passare prima che si pervenisse a una descrizione puntuale e accurata del deficit cognitivo nei pazienti affetti da SM.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Letture consigliate
Achiron A, Ziv I, Djaldetti R et al (1992) Aphasia in multiple sclerosis: clinical and radiologic correlations. Neurology 42:2195–2197
Achiron A, Barak Y (2003) Cognitive impairment in probable multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:443–446
Achiron A, Polliack M, Rao SM et al (2005) Cognitive patterns and progression in multiple sclerosis: construction and validation of percentile curves. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:744–749
Achiron A, Barak Y (2006) Cognitive changes in early MS: a call for a common framework. J Neurol Sci 245:47–51
Alexander GE, Furey ML, Grady CL et al (1997) Association of premorbid intellectual function with cerebral metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease: implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 154:165–172
Amato MP, Ponziani G, Pracucci G et al (1995) Cognitive Impairment in early-onset multiple sclerosis: pattern, predictors, and impact of every day life in a 4-year follow-up. Arch Neurol 52:168–172
Amato MP, Ponziani G, Siracusa G, Sorbi S (2001) Cognitive dysfunction in early onset multiple sclerosis: a reappraisal after 10 years. Arch Neurol 58:1602–1606
Amato MP, Portaccio E, Goretti B et al (2006a) The Rao’s Brief Repeatable Battery and Stroop Test: normative values with age, education and gender corrections in Italian population. Mult Scler 12:787–793
Amato MP, Zipoli V, Portaccio E (2006b) Multiple sclerosis — related cognitive change: a review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. J Neurol Sci 25:41–46
Amato MP, Portaccio E, Goretti B et al (2007) Association of neocortical volume changes with cognitive deterioration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurology 64:1157–1161
Amato MP, Portaccio E, Goretti B et al (2010a) Cognitive impairment in early stages of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 31(suppl. 2):S211–S214
Amato MP, Portaccio E, Goretti B et al (2010b) Relevance of cognitive deterioration in early relap sing-remitting MS: a 3-year follow-up study. Mult Scler 16:1474–1482
Amato MP, Goretti B, Ghezzi A et al (2010c) Cognitive and psychosocial features in childhood and juvenile MS: two-year follow-up. Neurology 75:1134–1140
Archibald CJ, Fisk JD (2000) Information processing efficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exper Neuropsychol 22:686–701
Arnett PA, Rao SM, Bernardin L et al (1994) Relationship between frontal lobe lesions and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 44:420–425
Arnett PA, Grafman J, Rao SM et al (1997) Executive functions in multiple sclerosis: an analysis of temporal ordering, semantic encoding, and planning abilities. Neuropsychology 11(4):535–544
Arnett PA, Higginson CI, Voss WD et al (1999) Depression mood in multiple sclerosis: relationship to capacity-demanding memory and attentional functioning. Neuropsychology 13(3):434–446
Baddeley AD (1986) Working memory. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Baddeley AD (1990) Human memory: theory and practice. Lawrence Earlbaum Ass., London
Baddeley AD (2000) The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends Cogn Sci 4(11):417–423
Baddeley AD, Hitch GJ (1974) Working memory. In: Bower AG (ed) The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory. Academic Press, New York 8:47–90
Barco AN, del Pino SĂ¡nchez LĂ³pez M, Barroso JR et al (2008) Alteraciones cognitivas en etapas iniciales de la esclerosis mĂºltipley su relaciĂ³n con el estado de Ă¡nimo, variables demogrĂ¡ficas y clĂnicas. Psicothema 20(4):583–588
Baum CM, Connor LT, Morrison T et al (2008) Reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the Executive Function Performance Test: a measure of executive function in a sample of people with stroke. Am J Occ Ther 62:446–455
Beatty WW, Goodkin DE, Monson NB, Beatty PA (1989) Cognitive disturbances in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 46:1113–1119
Beatty WW, Goodkin DE (1990) Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. An evaluation of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Arch Neurol 47(3):297–301
Beatty WW, Monson N (1994) Picture and motor sequencing in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 16:165–172
Beatty WW, Paul RH, Wilbanks SL et al (1995) Identifying multiple sclerosis patients with mild or global cognitive impairment using the Screening Examination for Cognitive Impairment (SEFCI). Neurology 45:718–723
Beatty WW, Monson N (1996) Problem solving by patients with multiple sclerosis: comparison of performance on the Wisconsin and California Card Sorting Tests. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2(2):134–140
Benedict RHB (2009) Standards for sample composition and impairment classification in neuropsychological studies of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 15(7):777–778
Benedict RHB, Fischer JS, Archibal CJ et al (2002) Minimal neuropsychological assessment of MS patients: a consensus approach. Clin Neuropsychol 16:381–397
Benedict RHB, Munschauer F, Linn R et al (2003) Screening for multiple sclerosis cognitive impairment using a self-administered 15 item-questionnaire. Mult Scler 9(1):95–101
Benedict RHB, Cookfair D, Gavett R et al (2006) Validity of the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MACFIMS) J Int Neuropsychol Soc 12:549–558
Benedict RHB, Morrow SA, Weinstock Guttman B et al (2010) Cognitive reserve moderates decline in information processing speed in multiple sclerosis patients. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 16:829–835
Benedict RHB, Zivadinov R (2011) Risk factors for and management of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 7:332–342
Benton AL, Hamsher KdeS, Varney NR, Spreen O (1983) Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: a clinical manual. Oxford University Press, New York
Bergendal G, Fredrikson S, Almkvist O et al (2007) Selective decline in information processing in subgroups of multiple sclerosis: an 8-year longitudinal study. Eur Neurol 57:193–202
Bertrando P, Maffei C, Ghezzi A (1983) A study of neuropsychological alterations in multiple sclerosis. Acta Psychiat Belg 83:13–21
Birnboim S, Miller A (2004) Cognitive strategies application of multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 10(1):67–73
Calabrese M, Agosta F, Rinaldi F et al (2009) Cortical lesions and atrophy are associated with cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 66:1144–1150
Calabrese M, Rinaldi F, Mattisi I et al (2010) Widespread cortical thinning characterizes patients with MS with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 74:321–328
Calabrese M, Rinaldi F, Grossi P, Gallo P (2011) Cortical pathology and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 11:425–432
Camp SJ, Stevenson VL, Thompson AJ et al (2005) A longitudinal study of cognition in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 128:2891–2898
Channon S (1996) Executive dysfunction in depression: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. J Affect Disord 39(2):107–114
Charcot JM (1877) Lectures in the diseases of the nervous system seliveres al La Salpetriere. New Sydenham Society, London, pp. 194–195
Chiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J (2003) Assessing the behavioral consequences of multiple sclerosis: an application of the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe). Cogn Behav Neurol 16:54–67
Chiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J (2008) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 7:1139–1151
Delis DC, Kaplan E, Kramer JH (2001) Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas
DeLuca J, Gaudino EA, Diamond BJ et al (1998) Acquisition and storage deficits in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 20:376–390
DeLuca J, Chelune GJ, Tulsky DS et al (2004) Is speed of processing or working memory the primary information processing deficit in multiple sclerosis? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 26:550–562
Demaree HA, Gaudino EA, DeLuca J, Ricker JH (2000) Learning impairment is associated with recall ability in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 22:865–873
Denney DR, Lynch SG, Parmenter BA, Horne N (2004) Cognitive impairment in relapsing and primary progressive multiple sclerosis: mostly a matter of speed. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 10:948–956
Denney DR, Sworowski LA, Lynch SG et al (2005) Cognitive impairment in three types of multiple sclerosis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 20(8):967–981
Denney DR, Lynch SG, Parmenter BA (2008) A 3-year longitudinal study of cognitive impairment in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: speed matters. J Neurol Sci 267: 129–136
Denney DR, Lynch SG (2009) The impact of multiple sclerosis on patients’ performance on the Stroop Test: processing speed versus interference. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 15:451–458
Denney DR, Gallagher KS, Lynch SG (2011) Deficits in processing speed in patients with multiple sclerosis: evidence from explicit and covert measures. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 26:110–119
Drew M, Tippett LJ, Starkey NJ, Isler RB (2008) Executive dysfunction and cognitive impairment in a large community-based sample with Multiple Sclerosis from New Zealand: A descriptive study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 23:1–19
Duque B, Sepulcre J, Bejarano B et al (2008) Memory decline evolves independently of disease activity in MS. Mult Scler 14(7):947–953
Engel C, Greim B, Zettl UK (2007) Diagnostics of cognitive dysfunctions in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 254(suppl. 2):1130–1134
Feinstein A (2006) Mood disorders in multiple sclerosis and the effects on cognition. J Neurol Sci 245(1):63–66
Ferreira MLB (2010) Cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosis. A systematic review. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 68(4):632–641
Feuillet L, Reuter F, Audoin B et al (2007) Early cognitive impairment in patients with clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 13(1):124–127
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) Mini-Mental State. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12(3):189–198
Foong J, Rozewicz L, Quaghebeur G et al (1997) Executive function in multiple sclerosis. The role of frontal lobe pathology. Brain 120:15–26
Foong J, Rozewicz L, Quaghebeur G et al (1998) Neuropsychological deficits in multiple sclerosis after acute relapse. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64:529–532
Friedman JH, Brem H, Mayeux R (1983) Global aphasia in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 13:222–223
Friend KB, Rabin BM, Groninger L et al (1999) Language functions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Neuropsychol 13:78–94
Ghidoni E, Gasparini F, Barletta Rodolfi C (2008) La valutazione qualitativa in neuropsicologia. In: Bianchi A (ed) L’esame neuropsicologico dell’adulto. Organizzazioni Speciali, Firenze, pp. 81–105
Glanz BI, Holland CM, Gauthier SA et al (2007) Cognitive dysfunction in patients with clinically isolated syndromes or newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 13(8):1004–1010
Glanz BI, Healy BC, Hviid LE et al (2011) Cognitive deterioration in patients with early multiple sclerosis: a 5-year study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83:38–43
Grigsby J, Ayarbe SD, Kravcisin N, Busenbark D (1994) Working memory impairment among persons with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 241:125–131
Gronwall DMA (1977) Paced auditory serial-addition task: A measure of recovery from concussion. Percept Mot Skills 44:367–373
Grossman M, Robinson KM, Onishi K et al (1995) Sentence comprehension in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 92:324–331
Hannay HJ, Howieson DB, Loring DW et al (2004) Neuropathology for neuropsychologists. In: Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW (eds) Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 249–256
Heaton RK, Nelson LM, Thompson DS et al (1985) Neuropsychological findings in relapsing-remitting and chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. J Consult Clin Psychol 53:103–110
Henry JD, Beatty WW (2006) Verbal fluency deficits in multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychologia 44:1166–1174
Hoffmann S, Tittgemeyer M, von Cramon DY (2007) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 20:275–280
Huijbregts SC, Kalkers NF, de Sonneville LM et al (2004) Differences in cognitive impairment of relapsing remitting, secondary, and primary progressive MS. Neurology 63:335–339
Jambor KL (1969) Cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis. Brit J Psychiatry 115:765–775
Jennekens-Schinkel A, Lanser JB, van der Velde EA, Sanders EA (1990) Performances of multiple sclerosis patients in tasks requiring language and visuoconstruction. Assessment of outpatients in quiescent disease stages. J Neurol Sci 95(1):89–103
Jønsson A, Andresen J, Storr L et al (2006) Cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients: a 4 year follow up study. J Neurol Sci 245:77–85
Kalmar JH, Gaudino EA, Moore NB et al (2008) The relationship between cognitive deficits and everyday functional activities in multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychology 22:442–449
Kessler HR, Cohen RA, Lauer K, Kausch DF (1992) The relationship between disability and memory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Int J Neurosci 62:17–34
Kisinger SW, Lattie E, Mohr DC (2010) Relationship between depression, fatigue, subjective cognitive impairment, and objective neuropsychological functioning in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychology 24:573–580
Krupp LB, Elkins LE (2000) Fatigue and declines in cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 55:934–939
Kujala P, Portin R, Ruutianinen J (1996) Language functions in incipient cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 141(1–2):79–86
Kujala P, Portin R, Ruutiainen J (1997) The progress of cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis. Brain 120:289–297
Kurtzke JF (1983) Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33:1444–1452
Laatu S, Hämäläinen P, Revonsuo A et al (1999) Semantic memory deficit in multiple sclerosis: impaired understanding of conceptual meanings. J Neurol Sci 162:152–161
Laatu S, Revonsuo A, Hämäläinen P et al (2001) Visual object recognition in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 185(2):77–88
Ladavas E, Berti A (1999) Neuropsicologia. II Mulino, Bologna, p. 83
Langdon DW, Thompson AJ (1999) Multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study of selected variables affecting rehabilitation outcome. Mult Scler 5:94–100
Langdon DW (2011) Cognition in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 24:244–249
Langdon DW, Amato MP, Boringa J et al (2012) Recommendations for a Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS). Mult Scler 18(6):891–898
Lau A, Chan CCH, Keung YH (1998) Visual perception and hand function in persons with multiple sclerosis. Occup Ther Int 5:194–205
Leavitt VM, Lengenfelder J, Moore NB et al (2011) The relative contributions of processing speed and cognitive load to working memory accuracy in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 33:580–586
Lezak MD (1995) Valutazione neuropsicologica. Volume 1: Teoria e pratica. Edra, Milano
Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW (2004) Neuropsychological assessment, 4th edn. Oxford University Press, New York
Litvan I, Grafman J, Vendrell P, Martinez JM (1988a) Slowed information processing in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 45:281–285
Litvan I, Grafman J, Vendrell P et al (1988b) Multiple memory deficits in patients with multiple sclerosis. Exploring the working memory system. Arch Neurol 45:607–610
Lyon-Caen O, Jouvent R, Hauser S et al (1986) Cognitive function in recent-onset demyelinating diseases. Arch Neurol 43:1138–1141
Macniven JA, Davis C, Ho MY al (2008) Stroop performance in multiple sclerosis: information processing, selective attention, or executive functioning? J Int Neuropsychol Soc 14:805–814
Mattioli F, Stampatori C, Zanotti D et al (2010) Efficacy and specificity of intensive cognitive rehabilitation of attention and executive functions in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 288:101–105
McIntosh-Michaelis SA, Roberts MH, Wilkinson SM et al (1991) The prevalence of cognitive impairment in a community survey of multiple sclerosis. Br J Clin Psychol 30:333–348
Medaer R, De Smedt L, Swerts M, Geutjens J (1984) Use of rating scales to reflect cognitive and mental functioning in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 101:65–67
Morrow SA, Weinstock-Guttman B, Munschauer FE et al (2009) Subjective fatigue is not associated with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Mult Scler 15(8):998–1005
Nocentini U, Rossini PM, Carlesimo GA et al (2001) Patterns of cognitive impairment in secondary progressive stable phase of multiple sclerosis: correlation with MRI findings. Eur Neurol 45:11–18
Nocentini U, Pasqualetti P, Bonavita S et al (2006) Cognitive dysfunction in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 12(1):77–87
Nocentini U, Di Vincenzo S (2007) La riabilitazione dei disturbi cognitivi nella sclerosi multipla. Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano
Olivares T, Nieto A, SĂ¡nchez MP et al (2005) Pattern of neuropsychological impairment in the early phase of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 11(2):191–197
Parmenter BA, Denney DR, Lynch SG (2003) The cognitive performance of patients with multiple sclerosis during periods of high and low fatigue. Mult Scler 9(2):111–8
Parmenter BA, Zivadinov R, Kerenyi L et al (2007) Validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting and Delis—Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) Sorting Tests in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 29(2):215–223
Parsons OA, Stewart KD, Arenberg D (1957) Impairment of abstracting ability in multiple sclerosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 125:221–225
Patti F (2009) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 15(1):2–8
Patti F, Amato MP, Trojano M et al (2009) Cognitive impairment and its relation with disease measures in mildly disabled patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: baseline results from the Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis (COGIMUS) study. Mult Scler 15(7):779–788
Peyser JM, Edwards KR, Poser CM, Filskov SB (1980) Cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 37:577–579
Piras MR, Magnano I, Canu ED et al (2003) Longitudinal study of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: neuropsychological, neuroradiological, and neurophysiological findings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:878–785
Potagas C, Giogkaraki E, Koutsis G et al (2008) Cognitive impairment in different MS subtypes and clinically isolated syndromes. J Neurol Sci 267:100–106
Prakash RS, Snook EM, Lews JM et al (2008) Cognitive impairments in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Mult Scler 14(9):1250–1261
Randolph C (1998) Repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio
Randolph JJ, Arnett PA, Higginson CI (2001) Metamemory and tested cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neuropsychol 15:357–368
Rao SM, Hammeke TA, McQuillen MP et al (1984) Memory disturbance in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 41:625–631
Rao SM, Hammeke TA, Speech TJ (1987) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in relapsing-remitting and chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. J Consult Clin Psychol 55(2):263–265
Rao SM, Leo GJ, St Aubin-Faubert P (1989a) On the nature of memory disturbance in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 11:699–712
Rao SM, Leo GJ, Haughton VM et al (1989b) Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with neuropsychological testing in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 39:161–166
Rao SM, Cognitive Function Study Group (1990) A manual for the brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological test. National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York
Rao SM, Leo GL, Bernardin L, Unverzagt F (1991a) Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: I. Frequency, patterns and predictions. Neurology 41:685–691
Rao SM, Leo GJ, Ellington MS et al (1991b) Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: II. Impact on employment and social functioning. Neurology 41:692–696
Rao SM, Grafman J, DiGiulio D et al (1993) Memory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: it relation to working memory, semantic encoding; and implicit learning. Neuropsychology 7:364–374
Reuter F, Zaaraoui W, Crespy L et al (2011a) Cognitive impairment at the onset of multiple sclerosis: relationship to lesion location. Mult Scler 17(6):755–758
Reuter F, Zaaraoui W, Crespy L et al (2011b) Frequency of cognitive impairment dramatically increases during the first 5 years of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 82:1157–1159
Rogers JM, Panegyres PK (2007) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: evidence-based analyses and recommendations. J Clin Neurosci 14:919–927
Roosendaal SD, Moraal B, Pouwels PJ et al (2009) Accumulation of cortical lesions in MS: relation with cognitive impairment. Mult Scler 15(6):708–714
Sailer M, Fischl B, Salat D et al (2003) Focal thinning of the cerebral cortex in multiple sclerosis. Brain 126:1734–1744
Sartori E, Edan G (2006) Assessment of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 245:169–175
Schultheis MT, Garay E, DeLuca J (2001) The influence of cognitive impairment on driving performance in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 56:1089–1094
Schultheis MT, Weisser V, Ang J et al (2010) Examining the relationship between cognition and driving performance in multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 91:465–473
Schulz D, Kopp B, Kunkel A, Faiss JH (2006) Cognition in the early stage of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 253:1002–1010
Schwid SR, Goodman AD, Weinstein A et al (2007) Cognitive function in relapsing multiple sclerosis: minimal changes in a 10-year clinical trial. J Neurol Sci 255:57–63
Siepman TAM, Jannsens ACJW, de Koning I et al (2008) The role of disability and depression in cognitive functioning within 2 years after multiple sclerosis diagnosis. J Neurol 255:910–916
Smith A (1982) Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Manual (Revised). Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles
Solari A, Mancuso L, Motta A (2002) Comparison of two brief neuropsychological batteries in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 8(2):169–176
Staples D, Lincoln NB (1979) Intellectual impairment in multiple sclerosis and its relation to functional abilities. Rheumatol Rehabil 18:153–160
Stern Y (2006) Cognitive reserve and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 20(suppl. 2):S69–74
Stern Y (2009) Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia 47:2015–2028
Stoquart-Elsankari S, Périn B, Lehmann P et al (2010) Cognitive forms of multiple sclerosis: report of a dementia case. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 112:258–260
Sumowski JF, Chiaravalloti N, DeLuca J (2009a) Cognitive reserve protects against cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 31:913–926
Sumowski JF, Chiaravalloti N, Wylie G, Deluca J (2009b) Cognitive reserve moderates the negative effect of brain atrophy on cognitive efficiency in multiple sclerosis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 15:606–612
Sumowski JF, Wylie GR, Chiaravalloti N, DeLuca J (2010a) Intellectual enrichment lessens the effect of brain atrophy on learning and memory in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 74:1942–1945
Sumowski JF, Wylie GR, Gonnella A et al (2010b) Premorbid cognitive leisure independently contributes to cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 75:1428–1431
Surridge D (1969) An investigation into some psychiatric aspects of multiple sclerosis. Br J Psychiatry 115:749–764
Swirsky-Sacchetti T, Mitchell DR, Seward J et al (1992) Neuropsychological and structural brain lesions in multiple sclerosis: A regional analysis. Neurology 42:1291–1295
Tekok-Kilic A, Benedict RH, Weinstock-Guttman B et al (2007) Independent contributions of cortical gray matter atrophy and ventricle enlargement for predicting neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 36:1294–1300
Thornton AE, Raz N (1997) Memory impairment in multiple sclerosis: a quantitative review. Neuropsychology 11:357–366
Vitkovitch M, Bishop S, Dancey C, Richards A (2002) Stroop interference and negative priming in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychologia 40:1570–1576
Vleugels L, Lafosse C, van Nunen A et al (2000) Visuoperceptual impairment in multiple sclerosis patients diagnosed with neuropsychological task. Mult Scler 6(4):241–254
Vleugels L, Lafosse C, van Nunen A et al (2001) Visuoperceptual impairment in MS patients: nature and possible neural origins. Mult Scler 7(6):389–401
Zaaraoui W, Reuter F, Rico A et al (2011) Occurrence of neuronal dysfunction during the first 5 years of multiple sclerosis is associated with cognitive deterioration. J Neurol 258: 811–819
Zipoli V (2011) Clinical correlates. In: Amato MP (ed) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Elsevier, Milano, pp. 19–28
Zipoli V, Goretti B, Hakiki B et al (2010) Cognitive impairment predicts conversion to multiple sclerosis in clinically isolated syndromes. Mult Scler 16(1):62–67
Zivadinov R, Sepcic J, Nasuelli D et al (2001) A longitudinal study of brain atrophy and cognitive disturbances in the early phase of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70:773–780
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Grossi, P., Possa, M.F. (2013). Aspetti cognitivi nella sclerosi multipla. In: Bonino, S. (eds) Aspetti psicologici nella sclerosi multipla. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2724-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2724-4_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2723-7
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2724-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)