Abstract
The symptoms and signs caused by MS mirror the casual and widespread distribution of the focal as well of the diffuse damage caused by inflammatory and degenerative processes of the disease. Therefore, every symptom and sign connected with a lesion of the central nervous system can appear in MS patients. However, some disturbances happen more frequently, such as optic nerve damage, pyramidal, cerebellar and somatic sensory systems involvement. Other dysfunctions (i.e., vegetative disturbances) are rare at the disease onset, but can be found in the vast majority of patients after some years of disease course. Symptoms like fatigue are difficult to be set but are undoubtedly frequent and are considered as more disabling than others by patients themselves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Lublin FD, Reingold SC (1996) Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an International survey. Neurology 46:907–911
Bashir K, Whitaker JN (2002) Handbook of multiple sclerosis. Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
Amato MP, Zipoli V, Goretti B et al (2006) Benign multiple sclerosis: cognitive, psychological and social aspects in a clinical cohort. J Neurol 253:1054–1059
Sayao AL, Devonshire V, Tremlett H (2007) Longitudinal follow-up of “benign” multiple sclerosis at 20 years. Neurology 68:496–500
Portaccio E, Stromillo ML, Goretti B et al (2009) Neuropsychological and MRI measures predict short-term evolution in benign multiple sclerosis. Neurology 73:498–503
Coles AJ, Compston A (2004) Multiple sclerosis. Medicine 32:87–92
Hyllested K (1961) Lethality, duration, and mortality of disseminated sclerosis in Denmark. Acta Psychiatr Scand 36:553–564
Leibowitz U, Alter M (1970) Clinical factors associated with increased disability in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 46:53–70
Poser S, Raun NE, Poser W (1982) Age at onset, initial symptomatology and the course of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 66:355–362
Visscher BR, Liu KS, Clark VA, Detels R, Malmgren RM, Dudley JP (1984) Onset symptoms as predictors of mortality and disability in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 70:321–328
Weinshenker BG, Bass B, Rice GP et al (1989) The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. 2. Predictive value of the early clinical course. Brain 112:1419–1428
Rodriguez M, Siva A, Ward J, Stolp-Smith K, O’Brien P, Kurland L (1994) Impairment, disability, and handicap in multiple sclerosis: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Neurology 44:28–33
Pittock SJ, Mayr WT, McClelland RL et al (2004) Change in MS-related disability in a population-based cohort: a 10-year follow-up study. Neurology 62:51–59
Optic Neuritis Study Group (1991) The clinical profile of optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Arch Ophtalmol 109:1673–1678
Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines (1998) Fatigue and multiple sclerosis: Evidence-based management strategies for fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Paralyzed Veterans of America, Washington, DC
Krupp LB, Alvarez LA, LaRocca NG, Scheinberg LC (1988) Fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 45:435–437
Bergamaschi R, Romani A, Versino M, Poli R, Cosi V (1997) Clinical aspects of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Funct Neurol 12:247–251
Fisk JD, Pontefract A, Ritvo PG, Archibald CJ, Murray TJ (1994) The impact of fatigue on patients with multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 21:9–14
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Romano, S., Caltagirone, C., Nocentini, U. (2013). Clinical Presentation. In: Nocentini, U., Caltagirone, C., Tedeschi, G. (eds) Neuropsychiatric Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2676-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2676-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2675-9
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2676-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)