Riassunto
Nel capitolo precedente abbiamo analizzato le recenti evidenze sperimentali e cliniche che hanno dimostrato come il sistema motorio sia anche un sistema cognitivo, in cui non solo la percezione diventa azione, ma l’interazione con l’ambiente, attraverso il comportamento, è guidata da specifiche strategie motorie. Tali conquiste conoscitive stanno indirizzando molti neuroscienziati a formulare nuove ipotesi di modelli di processamento neuronale. Un interrogativo a cui si sta cercando di rispondere è se il sistema cognitivo-motorio, come del resto anche gli altri sistemi cerebrali, abbia dei confini funzionali o se sia proprio il concetto di sistema che debba essere abbandonato per lasciare spazio a un processo globale che riguarda tutto il SNC, in cui le circuitazioni occipito-parieto-frontali avrebbero un ruolo determinante nell’attuarsi del comportamento. Per affrontare tali problematiche è necessario metabolizzare e capire bene le scoperte scientifiche fatte in questi ultimi anni. Quella che forse più di tutte merita attenzione è la scoperta dei neuroni specchio da parte di un gruppo di neuroscienziati italiani dell’Università di Parma coordinato da Giacomo Rizzolatti, più volte, inevitabilmente, menzionato in questo libro (vedi nota 10 del Capitolo 1). Questi ricercatori hanno documentato prima nella scimmia, e poi nell’uomo, l’esistenza di neuroni che si attivano sia quando compiamo specifici atti motori o azioni in una certa maniera sia quando li osserviamo eseguire da altri [1, 2]. In altri termini, significa che anche da fermi i nostri circuiti frontali parieto-dipendenti e prefronto-dipendenti funzionano.
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Mandolesi, L. (2012). Veder fare. In: Neuroscienze dell’attività motoria. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2625-4_6
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