Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  • Chapter
Imaging Tumor Response to Therapy

  • 963 Accesses

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancerrelated death among men and the sixth among women [1]. In Western countries, its incidence has invariably increased over the last several decades and it is expected to continue rising, although the etiological landscape, until now dominated by hepatotropic viruses, may change in favor of metabolic diseases that involve the liver [2]. HCC is, in fact, currently most often associated with liver cirrhosis and chronic infection/chronic hepatitis from viral B and C hepatitis but toxic/metabolic diseases (alcohol abuse, hemochromatosis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with obesity and diabetes) seem to be closely linked to a higher risk of developing HCC [3–5].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F et al (2010) Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer. GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 127:2893–917

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Nordenstedt H, White DL, El-Serag HB (2010) The changing pattern of epidemiology in hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis Suppl 3:S206–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bugianesi E, Leone N, Vanni E et al (2002) Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 123:134–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Starley BQ, Calcagno CJ, Harrison SA (2010) Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Weight Connection. Hepatology 51:1820–1832

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Stroffolini T, Trevisani F, Pinzello G et al (2011) Changing pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy and implication for surveillance. In press on Digestive and Liver Dis

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM et al (2001) Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL Conference. J Hepatol 35:421–430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bruix J, Sherman M (2005) Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 42:1208–1236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Llovet JM, Di Bisceglie AM, Bruix J et al (2008) Design and end points of clinical trials in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:698–711

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bruix J, Sherman M (2011) Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. An update. Hepatology 53:1020–2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Yang CF, Ho YJ (1992) Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 31 (Suppl):S86–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bruix J, Sala M, Llovet JM (2004) Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127 (Suppl):S179–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Varela M, Real MI, Burrel M et al (2007) Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: efficacy and doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. J Hepatol 46:474–481

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Poon RT, Tso WK, Pang RW et al (2007) A phase I/II trial of chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma using a novel intra-arterial drug-eluting bead. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:1100–1108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Group d’Etude e de Traitment du Carcinome Hepatocellulaire (1995). A comparison of lipiodol chemoembolization and conservative treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 332:1256–1261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK et al (2002) Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hapatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 35:1164–1171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Llovet JM, Real MI, Montaña X et al (2002) Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 359:1734–1739

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Llovet JM, Bruix J(2003) Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hapatocellular carcinoma: chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology 37:429–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lammer J, Malagari K, Vogl T et al (2010) Prospective randomized study of doxorubicin-eluting bead embolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of PRECISION V study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 33:41–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Raoul JL, Boucher E, Roland V et al (2009) 131-iodine Lipiodol therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 53:348–55

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Atassi B et al (2005) Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with use of 90Y microspheres (TheraSphere): safety, tumor response and survival. J Vasc Inter Radiol 16:1627–1639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sangro B, Bilbao JI, Boan J et al (2006) Radioembolization using 90Y-resin microspheres for patients with adavanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66:792–800

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Forner A, Ayuso C, Real MI et al (2009) Diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Clin 132:272–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lopez PM, Villanueva A, Llovet JM (2006) Systematic review: evidence-based management of hepatocellular carcinoma-an updated analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23:1535–1547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wilhelm S, Carter C, Lynch M et al (2006) Discovery and development of sorafenib: a multikinase inhibitor for treating cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5:835–844

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L et al (2004) BAY 43-9006 Exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 64:7099–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Schoenleber SJ, Kurtz DM, Talwalkar JA et al (2009) Prognostic role of vascular endothelial growth factor in hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 100:1385–1392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Abou-Alfa GK, Schwartz L, Ricci S et al (2006) Phase II Study of Sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24:4293–4300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V et al (2008) Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 359:378–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z et al (2009) Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase II randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 10:25–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Finn RS (2010) Drug Therapy: Sorafenib. Hepatology 51:1843–1869

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Villanueva A, Llovet JM (2011) Targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 140:1410–1426

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Goldberg SN, Grassi CJ, Cardella JF et al (2009) Image-guided Tumor Ablation: Standardization of Terminology and Reporting Criteria. JVIR, 20(S), S377–S390. SIR. doi:10.1016/ j.jvir.2009.04.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Brown DB, Cardella JF, Sacks D et al (2009) Quality improvement guidelines for transhepatic arterial chemoembolization, embolization, and chemotherapeutic infusion for hepatic malignancy. JVIR, 20(S), S219–S226.e10. SIR. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.04.033

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Brown DB, Gould JE, Gervais DA et al (2009) Transcatheter Therapy for hepatic malignancy: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria. JVIR, 20(S), S425–S434. SIR. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.04.021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lencioni R, Llovet JM (2010). Modified RECIST (mRECIST) Assessment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Seminars in Liver Disease 30:52–60. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1247132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ippolito D, Bonaffini PA, Ratti L et al (2010) Hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transarterial chemoembolization: dynamic perfusion-CT in the assessment of residual tumor. World J Gastroenterol, 16(47):5993–6000. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i47.5993

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jiang T, Kambadakone A, Kulkarni NM et al (2012) Monitoring response to antiangiogenic treatment and predicting outcomes in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma using image biomarkers, CT perfusion, tumor density, and tumor size (RECIST). Invest Radiol 47:11–17. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3182199bb5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sahin H, Harman M, Cinar C et al (2012) Evaluation of treatment response of chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma with diffusion-weighted imaging on 3.0-T MR imaging. J Vasc Interv Radiol 23:241–247. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2011.08.030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Schraml C, Schwenzer NF, Martirosian P et al (2009) Diffusion-weighted MRI of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma during sorafenib treatment: initial results. AJR 193:W301–W307. doi:10.2214/AJR.08.2289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lassau N, Koscielny S, Chami L et al (2011) Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: early evaluation of response to bevacizumab therapy at dynamic contrast-enhanced US with quantification-preliminary results. Radiology 258:291–300. doi:10.1148/radiol.10091870/-/DC1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Siemerink EJM, Mulder NH, Brouwers AH et al (2008) 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for monitoring response to sorafenib treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The Oncologist 13:734–735. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0063

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lee JH, Park JY, Kim do Y et al (2011) Prognostic Value of 18F-FDG PET for hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with sorafenib. Liver Int 31:1144–1149. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02541.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gastro-Hepatology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy

    Franco Brunello

  2. Department of Radiology, Facoltà San Luigi Gonzaga, University of Turin, Orbassano (Turin), Italy

    Andrea Veltri

Authors
  1. Franco Brunello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andrea Veltri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Oncology, University of Turin Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo (Turin), Italy

    Massimo Aglietta

  2. Radiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo (Turin), Italy

    Daniele Regge

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brunello, F., Veltri, A. (2012). Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: Aglietta, M., Regge, D. (eds) Imaging Tumor Response to Therapy. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2613-1_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2613-1_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2612-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2613-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation