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Kinetics of Ion Pumps and Channels

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Introduction to Modeling Biological Cellular Control Systems

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Abstract

Various ions, such as Ca2+, Na+, and K+, enter and exit a cell through selective ion pumps and channels, such as potassium channels, voltage-gated sodium channels, voltage-gated calcium channels, sodium/calcium exchangers, and plasma membrane (PM) calcium ATPases, as demonstrated in Fig. 6.1. Calcium ions Ca2+ enter the cytosol through store-operated channels (SOC) and voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). The sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCA) pump Ca2+ from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Ca2+ in ER are released to the cytosol through the inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (IP3)- and Ca2+-mediated inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R). Ca2+ enter the mitochondrion through uniporters and exit through Ca2+/Na+ antiporters. Ca2+ exit the cytosol through plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases (PMCA) and Ca2+/Na+ exchangers. Depletion of ER Ca2+ stores causes STIM1 to move to ER-PM junctions, bind to Orai1, and activate store-operated channels for Ca2+ entry [63]. Sodium ions Na+ enter the cytosol through sodium channels (NC) and Ca2+/Na+ exchangers, and exit through N+/K+ ATPases (NKA). Potassium ions K+ enter the cytosol through N+/K+ ATPases and exit through ATP-sensitive K+ channels (ATPKC), delayed rectifying K+ channels (DrKC), and calcium-activated K+ channels (CAKC). H+ ions in mitochondrion are ejected by the respiratory chain driven by the energy released from oxidation of NADP, which are produced from the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TAC, also called Krebs cycle).

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  1. Department of Mathematics, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA

    Weijiu Liu

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Liu, W. (2012). Kinetics of Ion Pumps and Channels. In: Introduction to Modeling Biological Cellular Control Systems. MS&A. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2490-8_6

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