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Cause non strutturali di morte improvvisa

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Cardiologia dello Sport
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Abstract

Gli atleti agonisti, per definizione, dovrebbero rappresentare la popolazione più sana e controllata; tuttavia anche tra di loro continuano a verificarsi casi di morte improvvisa. Questa rappresenta sempre un’evenienza drammatica e, oltre a sollevare un gran numero di implicazioni e interrogativi, pone il dubbio se sia possibile prevederla in qualche modo. Nella maggior parte dei casi queste morti sono provocate da una malattia strutturale, spesso su base genetica, non precedentemente identificata, come la miocardiopatia ipertrofica o la miocardiopatia aritmogena del ventricolo destro. Esistono però alcune patologie responsabili di morte improvvisa aritmica ma che non portano con sé evidenti alterazioni cardiache macroscopiche o istopatologiche: la sindrome del QT lungo (LQTS), la sindrome di Brugada (BrS), la sindrome del QT corto (SQTS) e la tachicardia ventricolare polimorfa catecolaminergica (CPVT). L’attuale classificazione le colloca fra le “miocardiopatie primitive su base genetica” sotto il nome di “malattie dei canali ionici”. Tratto comune è infatti la presenza di mutazioni che alterano le caratteristiche dei canali ionici di membrana e di conseguenza il potenziale d’azione delle miocellule. L’instabilità elettrica che ne deriva può provocare aritmie ventricolari maligne e quindi la morte cardiaca improvvisa. In molti casi il sospetto di queste patologie può sorgere a seguito di un semplice elettrocardiogramma (ECG) a 12 derivazioni o, al massimo, di una prova da sforzo (CPTV), così che il soggetto possa poi essere avviato a ulteriori accertamenti per la conferma diagnostica.

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Biddau, R. (2011). Cause non strutturali di morte improvvisa. In: Cardiologia dello Sport. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2352-9_21

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2352-9_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2351-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2352-9

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