Abstract
The broad categories of diseases that afflict human beings continue to evolve as do the methods used to detect and evaluate them. Although most of the infectious diseases that affect the brain remain the same, there are a number of unusual infections that have appeared. Infectious agents are opportunists and will take advantage of weaknesses in the immune system that appear under a variety of conditions. Medical advances have lead to treatments and therapies that compromise the immune system. How, and under what setting, these defects in the immune system appear influences the type of organism that invades and how the host responds to it. Manipulation of the immune response in the setting of transplantation and the appearance of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are examples in which unusual infections occur.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Haimes AB, Zimmerman RD, Morgello S, Weingarten K, Becker RD, Jennis R, Deck MD (1989) MR imaging of brain abscesses. Am J Roentgenol 152(5):1073–1085
Dev R, Gupta RK, Poptani H, Roy R, Sharma S, Husain M (1998) Role of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis and management of brain abscesses. Neurosurgery 42(l):37–43
Basoglu OK, Savas R, Kitis O (2002) Conventional and diffusion-weighted MR imaging of intracranial tuberculomas. A case report. Acta Radiol 43(6):560–562
Gupta RK, Vatsal DK, Husain N, Chawla S, Prasad KN, Roy R, Kumar R, Jha D, Husain M (2001) Differentiation of tuberculous from pyogenic brain abscesses with in vivo proton MR spectroscopy and magnetization transfer MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 22(8):1503–1509
Chatterjee T, Gowardman JR, Goh TD (2003) Pneumococcal meningitis masquerading as subarachnoid haemorrhage. Med JAust 178(10):505–507
Tung GA, Rogg JM (2003) Diffusion-weighted imaging of cerebritis. Am J Neuroradiol 24(6):1110–1113
Kuwahara S, Kawada M, Uga S (2001) Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis presenting with an unusual magnetic resonance imaging appearance — case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 41(10):517–521
Goyal M, Sharma A, Mishra NK, Gaikwad SB, Sharma MC (1997) Imaging appearance of pachymeningeal tuberculosis. Am J Roentgenol 169(5):1421–1424
Erly WK, Bellon RJ, Seeger JF, Carmody RF (1999) MR imaging of acute coccidioidal meningitis. Am J Neuroradiol 20(3):509–514
Berkefeld J, Enzensberger W, Lanfermann H (1999) Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis in AIDS: parenchymal and meningeal forms. Neuroradiology 41(2):129–133
Lipkin WI (1997) European consensus on viral encephalitis. Lancet 349:299–300
Heiner L, Demaerel P (2003) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings in a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis. Eur J Radiol 45:195–198
Agid R, Ducreux D, Halliday WC, Kucharczyk W, terBrugge KG, Mikulis DJ (2003) MR diffusion-weighted imaging in a case of West Nile virus encephalitis. Neurology 61(12):1821–1823
Chu JJ, Ng ML (2003) The mechanism of cell death during West Nile virus infection is dependent on initial infectious dose. J Gen Viro 84(Pt 12):3305–3314
Environmental Risk Analysis Program, Cornell University. http /environmentalrisk.cornell.edu/WNV/ (accessed 20 January 2004)
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm (accessed 20 January 2004)
Gould EA (2003) Implications for Northern Europe of the emergence of West Nile virus in the USA. Epidemiol Infect 131(l):583–589
Jeha LE, Sila CA, Lederman RJ, Prayson RA, Isada CM, Gordon SM (2003) West Nile virus infection: a new acute paralytic illness. Neurology 61(1):55–59
Calli C, Ozel AA, Savas R, Kitis O, Yunten N, Sener RN (2002) Proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnosis and differentiation of encephalitis from other mimicking lesions. J Neuroradiol 29(1):23–28
Manuelidis L (2003) Transmissible encephalopathies: speculations and realities. Viral Immunol 16(2):123–139
Bahn MM, Parchi P (1999) Abnormal diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Arch Neurol 56:577–583
Liberski PP, Gajdusek DC, Brown P (2002) How do neurons degenerate in prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs): neuronal autophagy revisited. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 62(3):141–147
Urbach H, Klisch J, Wolf HK et al (1998) MRI in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: correlation with clinical and neuropathological data. Neuroradiology 40:65–70
Haik S, Dormont D, Faucheux BA, Marsault C, Hauw JJ (2002) Prion protein deposits match magnetic resonance imaging signal abnormalities in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 51(6):797–799
Tschampa HJ, Murtz P, Flacke S, Paus S, Schild HH, Urbach H (2003) Thalamic involvement in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a diffusion-weighted MR imaging study. Am J Neuroradiol 24(5):908–915
Pandya HG, Coley SC, Wilkinson ID, Griffiths P (2003) Magnetic resonance spectroscopic abnormalities in sporadic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Clin Radiol 58(2):148–153
Pandit S, Lin A, Gahbauer H, Libertin CR, Erdogan B (2001) MR spectroscopy in neurocysticercosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 25(6):950–952
Chang KH, Song IC, Kim SH, Han MH, Kim HD, Seong SO, Jung HW, Han MC (1998) In vivo single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy in intracranial cystic masses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19(3):401–405
Camacho DL, Smith JK, Castillo M (2003) Differentiation of toxoplasmosis and lymphoma in AIDS patients by using apparent diffusion coefficients. Am J Neuroradiol 24(4):633–637
Bergui M, Bradac GB, Oguz KK, Boghi A, Geda C, Gatti G, Schiffer D (2003) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: diffusion-weighted imaging and pathological correlations. Neuroradiology
Hurley RA, Ernst T, Khalili K, Del Valle L, Simone IL, Taber K (2003) Identification of HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 15(1):l–6
Avison MJ, Nath A, Berger JR (2002) Understanding pathogenesis and treatment of HIV dementia: a role for magnetic resonance? Trends Neurosci 25(9):468–473
Bash S, Hathout GM, Cohen S (2001) Mesiotemporal T2-weighted hyperintensity: neurosyphilis mimicking herpes encephalitis. Am J Neuroradiol 22(2):314–316
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mikulis, D. (2004). Cerebral Infections. In: von Schulthess, G.K., Zollikofer, C.L. (eds) Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2131-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2131-0_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0251-7
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2131-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive