Abstract
Staging of rectal cancer has assumed new meaning and importance in recent times. Dukes’ classification (1932) remains the most commonly used staging system today [1]. It was intended to provide a pathologic basis for prognosis in patients with rectal cancer.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Dukes CE. The classification of cancer of the rectum. J Pathol 1932;35:323–332
Astler VB, Coller F. The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg 1954;139:846–851
Hildebrandt U, Feifel G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by intrarectal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28:42–46
Herzog U, von Flue M, Tondelli P, Schuppisser JP. How accurate is endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer? Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:127–134
Sentovich S, Blatchford G, Falk P, Thorson A, Christensen M. Transrectal ultrasound of rectal tumors. Am J Surg 1993;166:638–641
Anderson BO, Hann LE, Enker WE, Dershaw DD, Guillem JG, Cohen AM. Transrectal ultrasonography and operative selection for early carcinoma of the rectum. J Am Coll Surg 1994;179:513–517
Harnsberger JR, Charvat P, Longo WE, Vernava AM, Salimi Z, Arends T, Daniel G. The role of intrarectal ultrasound in staging of rectal cancer and detection of extrarectal pathology. Am Surg 1994;60:571–576
Glaser F, Schlag P, Herfarth C. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of invasion of rectal tumors and lymph node involvement. Br J Surg 1990;77:883–887
Holdsworth PJ, Johnston D, Chalmers AG, Chennells P, Dixon MF, Finan PJ, Primrose JN, Quirke P. Endoluminal ultrasound and computed tomography in the staging of rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1988;75:1019–1022
Orrom WJ, Wong WD, Rothenberger DA, Jensen LL, Goldberg SM. Endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal tumors. A learning experience. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:654–659
Hulsmans FJ, Castelijns JA, Reeders JW, Tytgat GN. Review of artifacts associated with transrectal ultrasound: understanding, recognition and prevention of misinterpretation. J Clin Ultrasound 1995;23:483–494
Yamashita Y, Machi J, Shirouzu K, Morotomi T, Isomoto H, Kakegawa T. Evaluation of endorectal ultrasound for the assessment of wall invasion of rectal cancer: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 1988;31:362–368
Dershaw DD, Enker WE, Cohen AM, Sigurdson ER. Transrectal ultrasonography of rectal carcinoma. Cancer 1990;66:2336–2340
Beynon J, Mortensen NJ, Foy DM, Channer JL, Virjee J, Goddard P. Preoperative assessment of local invasion in rectal cancer: digital examination, endoluminal sonography or computed tomography Br J Surg 1986;73:1015–1017
Garcia-Aguilar J, Pollack J, Lee S-H, Hernandez de Anda E, Mellgren A, Wong WD, Finne CO, Rothenberger DA, Madoff RD. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of rectal tumors. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:10–15
Akasu T, Sunouchi K, Sawada T, Tsioulias GJ, Muto T, Morioka Y. Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of transrectal ultrasonography and computed tomography. Gastroenterology 1990;98:268
Jochem RJ, Reading CC, Dozois RR, Carpenter HA, Wolff BG, Charboneau JW. Endorectal ultrasonograpic staging of rectal carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 1990;65:1571–1577
Sailer M, Leppert R, Bussen D, Fuchs KH, Thiede A. Influence of tumor position on accuracy of endorectal ultrasound staging. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:1180–1186
Kim HJ, Wong WD. Role of endorectal ultrasound in the conservative management of rectal cancers. Semin Surg Oncol 2000;19:358–366
Santoro GA, Pastore C, Barban M, Di Falco G. Role of endorectal ultrasound in the management of rectal cancers. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2001;48(SI):CXIX
Kruskal JB, Sentovich SM, Kane RA. Staging of rectal cancer after polypectomy: usefulness of endorectal US. Radiology 1999;211:31–35
Mier AG, Barton PP, Heuhold NR, Herbst F, Teleky BK, Lechner GL. Peritumor tissue reaction at transrectal US as a possible cause of overstaging in rectal cancer: histopathologic correlation. Radiology 1997;203:785–789
Katsura Y, Yamada K, Ishizawa T, Yoshinaka H, Shimazu H. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of wall invasion and lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:362–368
Boyce GA, Sivak MV, Lavery IC, Fazio VW, Church JM, Milsom J, Petras R. Endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 1992;38:468–471
Senesse P, Khemissa F, Lemanski C, Masson B, Quenet F, Saint-Aubert B, Simony J, Ychou M, Dubois JB, Rouanet P. Contribution of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative evaluation for very low rectal cancer. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2001;25:24–28
Romano G, de Rosa P, Vallone G, Rotondo A, Grassi R, Santangelo ML. Intrarectal ultrasound and computed tomography in the pre-and postoperative assessment of patients with rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1985; 72(suppl):s117–s119
Rifkin MD, Ehrlich SM, Marks G. Staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of endorectal US and CT. Radiology 1989;170:319–322
Wazier A, Zitron S, Ben-Baruch D, Baniel J, Wolloch Y, Dintsman M. Comparative study for preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:53–56
Goldman S, Arvidson H, Normig U, Lagerstedt U, Magnusson I, Frisell J. Transrectal ultrasound and computed tomography in preoperative staging of lower rectal adenocarcinoma. Gastrointestinal Radiol 1991;16:259–263
Waizer A, Powsner E, Russo I, Hadar S, Cytron S, Lombrozo R, Wolloch Y, Antebi E. Prospective comparative study of magnetic resonance imaging versus transrectal ultrasound for preoperative staging and follow-up of rectal cancer: preliminary report. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:1068–1072
Thaler W, Watzka S, Martin F, Guardia GL, Psenner K, Bonatti G, Fichtel G, Egarter-Vigl E, Marzoli GP. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by endoluminal ultrasound vs. magnetic resonance imaging, preliminary results of a prospective comparative study. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:1189–1193
Starck M, Bohe M, Fork FT, Lindstrom C, Sjoberg S. Endoluminal ultrasound and low-field magnetic resonance imaging are superior to clinical examination in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Eur J Surg 1995;161:841–845
Joosten FB, Jansen JB, Joosten HJ, Rosenbusch G. Staging of rectal carcinoma using MR double surface coil, MR endorectal coil and intrarectal ultrasound: correlation with histopathologic findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1995;19:752–758
Zerhouni EA, Rutter C, Hamilton SR, Balfe DM, Megibow AJ, Francis IR, Moss AA, Heiken JP, Tempany CM, Aisen AM, Weinreb JC, Gatsonis C, McNeil BJ. CT and MR imaging in the staging of colorectal carcinoma: report of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group II. Radiology 1996;200:443–451
Zagoria RJ, Scharlb CA, Ott DJ, Bechtoldt RI, Wolfman NT, Scharling ES, Chen MY, Loggie BW. Assessment of rectal tumor infiltration utilizing endorectal MR imaging and comparison with endoscopic rectal sonography. J Surg Oncol 1997;64:312–317
Kim NK, Kim MJ, Yun SH, Sohn SK, Min JS. Comparative study of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:770–775
Kim NK, Kim MJ, Park JK, Park SI, Min JS. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer with MRI: accuracy and clinical usefulness. Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:732–737
Civelli EM, Gallino G, Mariani L, Cozzi G, Biganzoli E, Salvetti M, Gallo R, Belli F, Bonfanti G, Bertario L, Andreola S, Leo E. Double-contrast barium enema and computerised tomography in the pre-operative evaluation of rectal carcinoma: are they still useful diagnostic procedures? Tumori 2000;86:389–392
Meyenberger C, Huch Boni RA, Bertschinger P, Zala GF, Klotz HP, Krestin GP. Endoscopic ultrasound and endorectal magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective, comparative study for preoperative staging and follow-up of rectal cancer. Endoscopy 1995;27:469–479
Gualdi GF, Casciani E, Gadalaxara A, d’Orta C, Polettini E, Pappalardo G. Local staging of rectal cancer with transrectal ultrasound and endorectal magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with histological findings. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:338–345
Hunerbein M, Pegios W, Bau R, Vogl TJ, Felix R, Schlag PM. Prospective comparison of endorectal ultrasound, three-dimensional ultrasound and endorectal MRI in the preoperative evaluation of rectal tumors. Preliminary results. Surg Endosc 2000;14:1005–1009
Kim JC, Cho YK, Kim SY, Park SK, Lee MG. Comparative study of three-dimensional and conventional endorectal ultrasonography used in rectal cancer staging. Surg Endosc 2002;16:1280–1285
Bernick PE, Wong WD. Staging. What makes sense? Can the pathologist help? Surg Oncol Clin North Am 2000;9:703–723
Hildebrandt U, Feifel G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by intrarectal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28:42–46
Heintz A, Buess G, Frank K, Kuntz C, Strunck H, Junginger T. Endoluminal ultrasonic examination of sessile polyps and early carcinomas of the rectum. Surg Endosc 1989;3:92–95
Adams WJ, Wong WD. Endorectal ultrasonic detection of malignancy within rectal villous lesions. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:1093–1096
Garcia-Aguilar J, Pollack J, Lee S-H, Hernandez de Anda E, Mellgren A, Wong WD, Finne CO, Rothenberger DA, Madoff RD. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of rectal tumors. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:10–15
Glaser F, Schlag P, Herfarth C. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of invasion of rectal tumors and lymph node involvement. Br J Surg 1990;77:883–887
Orrom WJ, Wong WD, Rothenberger DA, Jensen LL, Goldberg SM. Endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal tumors. A learning experience. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:654–659
Konishi K, Akita X, Kaneko K et al. Evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography in colorectal villous lesions. Int J Colorectal Dis 2003;18:19–24
Hildebrandt U, Feifel G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by intrarectal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28:42–46
Boyce GA, Sivak MV, Lavery IC, Fazio VW, Church JM, Milsom J, Petras R. Endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 1992;38:468–471
Bernick PE, Wong WD. Staging. What makes sense? Can the pathologist help? Surg Oncol Clin North Am 2000;9:703–723
Akasu T, Kondo H, Morioka Y, Sugihara K, Gotoda T, Fujita S, Muto T, Kakizoe T. Endorectal ultrasonography and treatment of early stage rectal cancer. World J Surg 2000;24:1061–1068
Sailer M, Leppert R, Kraemer M, Fuchs KH, Thiede A. The value of endorectal ultrasound in the assessment of adenomas, T1-and T2-carcinomas. Int J Colorectal Dis 1997;12:214–219
Adams WJ, Wong WD. Endorectal ultrasonic detection of malignancy within rectal villous lesions. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:1093–1096
Strunk H, Heintz A, Frank K, Buess G, Braunstein S. Endosonographic staging of rectal tumors. Fortschr Rontgenstr 1990;153:373–378
Kim JC, Yu CS, Jung HY, Kim HC, Park SK, Kang GH, Lee MG. Source of errors in the evaluation of early rectal cancer by endoluminal ultrasonography. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:1302–1309
Nascimbeni R, Burgart LJ, Nivatvongs S, Larson DR. Risk of lymph node metastasis in Ti carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:200–206
Hildebrandt U, Feifel G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by intrarectal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28:42–46
Boyce GA, Sivak MV, Lavery IC, Fazio VW, Church JM, Milsom J, Petras R. Endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 1992;38:468–471
Bernick PE, Wong WD. Staging. What makes sense? Can the pathologist help? Surg Oncol Clin North Am 2000;9:703–723
Sailer M, Leppert R, Kraemer M, Fuchs KH, Thiede A. The value of endorectal ultrasound in the assessment of adenomas, Ti-and T2-carcinomas. Int J Colorectal Dis 1997;12:214–219
Katsura Y, Yamada K, Ishizawa T, Yoshinaka H, Shimazu H. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of wall invasion and lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35:362–368
Kim NK, Kim MJ, Yun SH, Sohn SK, Min JS. Comparative study of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:770–775
Akasu T, Kondo H, Morioka Y, Sugihara K, Gotoda T, Fujita S, Muto T, Kakizoe T. Endorectal ultrasonography and treatment of early stage rectal cancer. World J Surg 2000;24:1061–1068
Adams WJ, Wong WD. Endorectal ultrasonic detection of malignancy within rectal villous lesions. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:1093–1096
Kim JC, Yu CS, Jung HY, Kim HC, Park SK, Kang GH, Lee MG. Source of errors in the evaluation of early rectal cancer by endoluminal ultrasonography. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:1302–1309
Heriot AG, Grundy A, Kumar D. Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1999;86:17–28
Kim JC, Cho YK, Kim SY, Park SK, Lee MG. Comparative study of three-dimensional and conventional endorectal ultrasonography used in rectal cancer staging. Surg Endosc 2002;16:1280–1285
Hildebrandt U, Feifel G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by intrarectal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28:42–46
Boyce GA, Sivak MV, Lavery IC, Fazio VW, Church JM, Milsom J, Petras R. Endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 1992;38:468–471
Bernick PE, Wong WD. Staging. What makes sense? Can the pathologist help? Surg Oncol Clin North Am 2000;9:703–723
Glaser F, Schlag P, Herfarth C. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of invasion of rectal tumors and lymph node involvement. Br J Surg 1990;77:883–887
Garcia-Aguilar J, Pollack J, Lee S-H, Hernandez de Anda E, Mellgren A, Wong WD, Finne CO, Rothenberger DA, Madoff RD. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of rectal tumors. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:10–15
Kim NK, Kim MJ, Yun SH, Sohn SK, Min JS. Comparative study of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:770–775
Kim JC, Cho YK, Kim SY, Park SK, Lee MG. Comparative study of three-dimensional and conventional endorectal ultrasonography used in rectal cancer staging. Surg Endosc 2002;16:1280–1285
Hildebrandt U, Feifel G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by intrarectal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum 1985; 28:42–46
Bernick PE, Wong WD. Staging. What makes sense? Can the pathologist help? Surg Oncol Clin North Am 2000; 9:703–723
Boyce GA, Sivak MV, Lavery IC, Fazio VW, Church JM, Milsom J, Petras R. Endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38:468–471
Milsom JW, Graffner H. Intrarectal ultrasonography in rectal cancer staging and in the evaluation of pelvic disease. Ann Surg 1990; 212:602–606
Kwok H, Bissett IP, Hill GL. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2000;15:9–20
Hunerbein M, Pegios W, Rau B, Vogl TJ, Felix R, Schlag PM. Prospective comparison of endorectal ultrasound, three-dimensional endorectal ultrasound, and endorectal MRI in the preoperative evaluation of rectal tumors. Preliminary results. Surg Endosc 2000;14:1005–1009
Herzog U, von Flue M, Tondelli P, Schuppisser JP. How accurate is endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer? Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:127–134
Rifkin MD, Ehrlich SM, Marks G. Staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of endorectal US and CT. Radiology 1989;170:319–322
Marusch F, Koch A, Schmidt U et al. Routine use of transrectal ultrasound in rectal carcinoma: results of a prospective multicenter study. Endoscopy 2002;34:385–390
Garcia-Aguilar J, Pollack J, Lee SH et al. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of rectal tumors. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:10–15
Orrom WJ, Wong WD, Rothenberger DA, Jensen LL, Goldberg SM. Endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal tumors. A learning experience. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:654–659
Akbari RP, Wong WD. Endorectal ultrasound and the preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Scand J Surg 2003;92:25–33
Sitzler PJ, Seow-Choen F, Ho YH, Leong AP. Lymph node involvement and tumor depth in rectal cancers: an analysis of 805 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40:1472–1476
Janjan NA, Khoo VS, Abbruzzese J et al. Tumor down-staging and sphincter preservation with preoperative chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;44:1027–1038
Rivadeneira DE, Wong WD. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2001;15:17–25
Kim NK, Kim MJ, Yun SH, Sohn SK, Min JS. Comparative study of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:770–775
Adams DR, Blatchford GJ, Lin KM, Ternent CA, Thorson AG, Christensen MA. Use of preoperative ultrasound staging for treatment of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:159–166
Nissan A, Shia J, Klimstra D et al. Can endorectal ultrasound stratify T-staging of primary rectal cancer? Booth P23. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:A27–A59
Hermanek P, Hutter RV, Sobin LH, Wittekind Ch. International Union Against Cancer. Classification of isolated tumor cells and micrometastasis. Cancer 1999;86:2668–2673
Choi HJ, Choi YY, Hong SH. Incidence and prognostic implications of isolated tumor cells in lymph nodes from patients with Dukes B colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45: 750–756
Hildebrandt U, Klein G, Schwarz HR Endosonography of parectal lymph nodes. In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:863
Herzog U, von Flue M, Tondelli P, Schuppisser JP. How accurate is endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer? Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:127–134
Sentovich S, Blatchford G, Falk P, Thorson A, Christensen M. Transrectal ultrasound of rectal tumors. Am J Surg 1993;166:638–641
Fleshman JW, Myerson RJ, Fry RD, Kodner IJ. Accuracy of transrectal ultrasound in predicting pathologic stages of rectal cancer before and after preoperative radiation therapy. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:823–829
Orrom WJ, Wong WD, Rothenberger DA, Jensen LL, Goldberg SM. Endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal tumors. A learning experience. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:654–659
Glaser F, Schlag P, Herfarth C. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of invasion of rectal tumors and lymph node involvement. Br J Surg 1990; 77:883–887
Holdsworth PJ, Johnston D, Chalmers AG, Chennells P, Dixon MF, Finan PJ, Primrose JN, Quirke P. Endoluminal ultrasound and computed tomography in the staging of rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1988;75:1019–1022
Milsom JW, Czyrko C, Hull TL, Strong SA, Fazio VW Preoperative biopsy of pararectal lymph nodes in rectal cancer using endoluminal ultrasonography. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;47:364–368
Saitoh N, Okui K, Sarashina H, Suzuki M, Arai T, Nunomura M. Evaluation of ecographic diagnosis of rectal cancer using intrarectal ultrasonic examination. Dis Colon Rectum 1986;29:234–242
Rifkin MD, Ehrlich SM, Marks G. Staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of endorectal US and CT. Radiology 1989;170: 319–322
Garcia-Aguilar J, Pollack J, Lee S-H, Hernandez de Anda E, Mellgren A, Wong WD, Finne CO, Rothenberger DA, Madoff RD. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of rectal tumors. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:10–15
Akasu T, Sunouchi K, Sawada T, Tsioulias GJ, Muto T, Morioka Y Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of transrectal ultrasonography and computed tomography. Gastroenterology 1990;98:268
Jochem RJ, Reading CC, Dozois RR, Carpenter HA, Wolff BG, Charboneau JW. Endorectal ultrasonograpic staging of rectal carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 1990;65:1571–1577
Frascio F, Giacosa A. Role of endoscopy in staging colorectal cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 2001;20:82–85
Kim HJ, Wong WD. Role of endorectal ultrasound in the conservative management of rectal cancers. Semin Surg Oncol 2000;19:358–366
Napoleon B, Pujol B, Berger F, Valette PJ, Gerard JP, Souquet JC. Accuracy of endosonography in the staging of rectal cancer treated by radiotherapy. Br J Surg 1991;78:785–788
Santoro GA, Pastore C, Barban M, Di Falco G. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of pararectal lymph node involvement in rectal cancer. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2001;48(SI):CXIX
Heriot AG, Grundy A, Kumar D. Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1999;86:17–28
Kumar A, Scholefield JH. Endosonography of the anal canal and rectum. World J Surg 2000;24:208–215
Hildebrandt U, Feifel G, Schwarz HP, Scherr O. Endorectal ultrasound: instrumentation and clinical aspects. Int J Colorectal Dis 1986;1:203–207
Beynon J, Mortensen NJ, Foy DM, Channer JL, Rigby H, Virjee J. Preoperative assessment of mesorectal lymph node involvement in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1989;76:276
Rifkin MD, Wechsler RI. A comparison of computed tomography and endorectal ultrasound in staging rectal cancer. Int J Colorect Dis 1986;1:219–223
Feifel, G, Hildebrandt U, Dhom G. Die endorektale Sonographie beim rektumkarzinom. Chirurg 1985;56: 398–402
Herrera-Ornelas L, Justiniano J, Castillo N, Petrelli NJ, Stulc JP, Mittelman A. Metastases in small lymph nodes from colon cancer. Arch Surg 1987;122:1253–1256
Katsura Y, Yamada K, Ishizawa T, Yoshinaka H, Shimazu H. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of wall invasion and lymph node metastases in rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:362–368
Sunouchi K, Sakaguchi M, Higuchi Y, Namiki K, Muto T. Small spot sign of rectal carcinoma by endorectal ultrasonography: histologic relation and clinical impact on postoperative recurrence. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41:649–653
Hulsmans FJ, Bosma A, Mulder PJ, Reeders JW, Tytgat GN. Perirectal lymph nodes in rectal cancer: in vitro correlation of sonographic parameters and histologic findings. Radiology 1992;184:553
Civelli EM, Gallino G, Mariani L, Cozzi G, Biganzoli E, Salvetti M, Gallo R, Belli F, Bonfanti G, Bertario L, Andreola S, Leo E. Double-contrast barium enema and computerised tomography in the preoperative evaluation of rectal carcinoma: are they still useful diagnostic procedures? Tumori 2000;86:389–392
Goldman S, Arvidson H, Normig U, Lagerstedt U, Magnusson I, Frisell J. Transrectal ultrasound and computed tomography in preoperative staging of lower rectal adenocarcinoma. Gastrointestinal Radiol 1991;16:259–263
Kim JC, Cho YK, Kim SY, Park SK, Lee MG. Comparative study of three-dimensional and conventional endorectal ultrasonography used in rectal cancer staging. Surg Endosc 2002;16:1280–1285
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Santoro, G.A., Di Falco, G., Schaffzin, D.M., Wong, W.D., Muto, T. (2004). Endoluminal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. In: Atlas of Endoanal and Endorectal Ultrasonography. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2129-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2129-7_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2176-1
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2129-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive