Abstract
Although there are several diagnostic techniques available for assessing coronary function, the quantification of coronary flow (CF) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) by angiography using an intracoronary Doppler flow wire is usually invasive. Recently, there have been several advances in echocardiography, not only in the direct visualization of the coronary arteries, but also in measuring CF and CFR. In this chapter, the current state of myocardial contrast echocardiography will be revisited, as well as the measurement of CF and CFR by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), with special emphasis on recent advancements in ultrasound contrast-enhanced agents.
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Moura, L., Fernández, M.A.G., Zamorano, J.L. (2004). Coronary Flow Reserve and Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography. In: Contrast Echocardiography in Clinical Practice. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2125-9_7
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