Riassunto
La presenza di sintomi fisici non spiegabili dalle condizioni mediche del soggetto, tradizionalmente descritta con il termine “isteria”, è stata documentata fin dall’antichità. Gli Egizi e i Greci localizzavano nell’utero la causa di questo fenomeno, che consideravano quindi circoscritto al genere femminile. Questa convinzione è sopravvissuta fino al XVII secolo, quando Thomas Sydenham ipotizzò che i sintomi privi di una spiegazione organica dipendessero da un disagio psicologico presente anche nei maschi. A metà del XIX secolo, si è incominciato a studiare in modo scientifico l’isteria. Briquet l’ha descritta come un disturbo neurologico, una “nevrosi dell’encefalo”, e ha sottolineato l’importanza dell’ereditarietà. Autori come Charcot, Breuer e Freud hanno valorizzato sempre di più il ruolo del trauma psichico e hanno portato al graduale passaggio a un approccio psicoanalitico all’isteria. Freud ha differenziato l’isteria da conversione dalla nevrastenia: nella prima i sintomi sono l’espressione simbolica di un conflitto sessuale sviluppatosi durante l’infanzia, nella nevrastenia sono la conseguenza diretta di una frustrazione sessuale attuale [1, 2].
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Sirri, L., Fava, G.A. (2012). Criteri diagnostici per la ricerca e la clinica in psicosomatica. In: Stress e disturbi da somatizzazione. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2080-1_24
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