Abstract
Although only a limited number of surgical procedures to treat anal fissure have been described in the literature, many surgical procedures are available to treat hemorrhoids. We know that there are also many possible complications of hemorrhoid surgery. Early complications include hemorrhage; somewhat later there may be abscess formation, and over the long-term incontinence (Hall and Goldberg, 2003).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Suggested Readings
Aigner F, Bonatti H, Peer S et al (2010) Vascular considerations for stapled haemorrhoidopexy. Colorectal Dis 12:452–458
Allan A, Samad AJ, Mellon A et al (2006) Prospective randomised study of urgent haemorrhoidectomy compared with non-operative treatment in the management of prolapsed thrombosed internal haemorrhoids. Colorectal Dis 8:41–45
Altomare D, Infantino A, Bottini C et al (2010) Prospective randomized multicenter study comparing stapled hemorrhoidopexy (SH) with Doppler-guided transanal hemorrhoid dearterialization (THD) for III degree hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 53:580
Altomare DF, Milito G, Andreoli R et al (2008) Ligasure Precise vs. conventional diathermy for Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Dis Colon Rectum 51:514–519
Altomare DF, Roveran A, Pecorella G et al (2006) The treatment of hemorrhoids: guidelines of the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery. Tech Coloproctol 10:181–186
Amato A, Seow-Choen F (2009) Ethical issues and innovation in colorectal surgery. Tech Coloproctol 13:83–85
Amoli HA, Notash AY, Shahandashti FJ et al (2011) A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of topical diltiazem on posthaemorrhoidectomy pain. Colorectal Dis 13:328–332
Andrews BT, Layer GT, Jackson BT et al (1993) Randomized trial comparing diathermy hemorrhoidectomy with the scissor dissection Milligan-Morgan operation. Dis Colon Rectum 36:580–583
Angelone G, Giardiello C, Prota C (2006) Bleeding after stapled haemorhoidopexy using PPH 03 instrument. ANZ J Surg 76:672–673
Angelone G, Giardiello C, Prota C (2006) Stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Complications and 2-year follow-up. Chir Ital 58:753–760
Angelone G, Giardiello C, Prota C (2007) Bleeding after stapled haemorrhoidopexy using the PPH 03 stapler device. Experience and results in 100 consecutive patients. Chir Ital 59:225–229
Arbman G, Krook H, Haapaniemi S (2000) Closed vs. open hemorrhoidectomy-is there any difference? Dis Colon Rectum 43:31–34
Arroyo A, Pérez F, Miranda E et al (2004) Open versus closed day-case haemorrhoidectomy: is there any difference? Results of a prospective randomised study. Int J Colorectal Dis 19:370–373
Arroyo A, Pérez-Vicente F, Serrano P et al (2006) Proctitis complicating stapled hemorrhoidectomy: report of a case. Int J Colorectal Dis 21:197–198
Augustin G, Smud D, Kinda E et al (2009) Intra-abdominal bleeding from a seromuscular tear of an ascending rectosigmoid ntramural hematoma after stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Can J Surg 52:14–15
Aumann G, Petersen S, Pollack T et al (2004) Severe intra-abdominal bleeding following stapled mucosectomy due to enterocele: report of a case. Tech Coloproctol 8:41–43
Baraza W, Shorthouse A, Brown S (2009) Obliteration of the rectal lumen after stapled hemorrhoidopexy: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 52:1524–1525
Başoğlu M, Gül O, Yildirgan I et al (1997) Fournier’s gangrene: review of fifteen cases. Am Surg 63:1019–1021
Basso L, Bernardi C, Ayabaca S et al (2001) Life-threatening urinary retention after haemorrhoidectomy and internal sphincterotomy. Tech Coloproctol 5:109–111
Basso L, Pescatori M (1994) Outcome of delayed hemorrhage following surgical hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 36:743–746
Basso L, Pescatori M (2003) Subcutaneous emphysema after associated colonoscopy and transanal excision of rectal ade-noma. Surg Endosc 17:1677
Beer-Gabel M, Carter D, Venturero M et al (2010) Ultrasonographic assessment of patients referred with chronic anal pain to a tertiary referral centre. Tech Coloproctol 14:107–112
Behboo R, Zanella S, Ruffolo C et al (2011) Stapled haemorrhoidopexy: extent of tissue excsion and clinical implications in the early postoperative period. Colorect Dis 13:697–702
Berstock JR, Bunni J, Torrie AP (2010) The squelching hip: a sign of life-threatening sepsis following haemorrhoidectomy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 92:39–41
Bessa SS (2008) Ligasure vs. conventional diathermy in excisional hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective, randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum 51:940–944
Beuke AC, Pedersen ME, Qvist N (2008) Rectal perforation and faecal peritonitis after stapled operation for grade IV haemorrhoids. Ugeskr Laeger 170:460
Bittorf B, Ringler R, Forster C et al (2006) Cerebral representation of the anorectum using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Surg 93:1251–1257
Blouhos K, Vasiliadis K, Tsalis K et al (2007) Uncontrollable intra-abdominal bleeding necessitating low anterior resection of the rectum after stapled hemorrhoidopexy: report of a case. Surg Today 37:254–257
Boccasanta P, Venture M, Orio A et al (1998) Circular hemorrhoidectomy in advanced hemorrhoidal disease. Hepato-gastroenterology 45:962–969
Boccasanta P, Venturi M, Roviaro GC (2007) Stapled Transanal Rectal Resection versus stapled anopexy in the cure of hemorroids with rectal prolapse. A randomized controlled trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 22:245–251
Boffi F (2008) Retained staples causing rectal bleeding and severe proctalgia after the STARR procedure. Tech Coloproctol 12:135–136
Boffi F (2008) Sutureless PPH and STARR. Tech Coloproctol 12:352
Boffi F, Podzemny V (2011) Obstructed defecation, rectocele, recurrent hemorrhoids and rectal diverticulum following the procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 15:255–256
Bondurri A, Zbar AP, Tapia H et al (2011) The relationship between etiology, symptom severity and indications for surgery in cases of anal incontinence: a 25-year analysis of 1046 patients at a tertiary coloproctology practice. Tech Coloproctol 15:159–164
Bozdag AD, Nazli O, Tansug T et al (2008) Videoanoscope-assisted stapled haemorrhoidopexy: analysis of 18 patients. Tech Coloproctol. 12:123–126
Brown S, Baraza W, Shorthouse A (2007) Total rectal lumen obliteration after stapled haemorrhoidopexy: a cautionary tale. Tech Coloproctol 11:357–358
Brown SR, Shanmugan P, Dobbs P (2006) Stapled haemorrhoidopexy for prolapsing haemorrhoids. Colorectal Dis 8:525–526
Brusciano L, Ayabaca SM, Pescatori M et al (2004) Reinterventions after complicated or failed stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Dis Colon Rectum 47:1846–1851
Bufo A, Galasse S, Amoroso M (2006) Recurrent severe postoperative bleeding after stapled hemorrhoidopexy requiring emergency laparotomy. Tech Coloproctol 10:62–63
Burch J, Epstein D, Sari AB et al (2009) Stapled haemorrhoidopexy for the treatment of haemorrhoids: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 11:233–243
Büyükaşik O, Hasdemir OA, Cöl C (2009) Rectal lumen obliteration from stapled hemorrhoidopexy: can it be prevented? Tech Coloproctol 13:333–335
Capomagi A, Mannetta V, Balestrieri A et al (1999) Circular haemorrhoidectomy using stapler is the “gold standard” for the treatment of hemorrhoids? Preliminary data regarding 206 consecutive patients. Ital J Coloproctol 2:782–785
Carapeti EA, Kamm MA, McDonald PJ et al (1998) Double-blind randomised controlled trial of effect of metronidazole on pain after day-case haemorrhoidectomy. Lancet 351:169–172
Carapeti EA, Kamm MA, McDonald PJ et al (1999) Randomized trial of open versus closed day-case haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 86:612–613
Carriero A, Dal Borgo P, Pucciani F (2001) Stapled mucosal prolapsectomy for haemorrhoidal prolapse with Lone Star Retractor System. Tech Coloproctol 5:41–46
Cheetham MJ, Cohen CR, Kamm MA et al (2003) A randomized, controlled trial of diathermy hemorrhoidectomy vs. stapled hemorrhoidectomy in an intended day-care setting with longer-term follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum 46:491–497
Cheetham MJ, Mortensen NJ, Nystrom PO et al (2000) Persistent pain and faecal urgency after stapled haemorrhoidectomy. Lancet 356:730–733
Cheetham MJ, Phillips RK (2001) Evidence-based practice in haemorrhoidectomy. Colorectal Dis 3:126–134
Chen JG, Yang XD, Quian Q et al (2010) Rectal perforation after procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 52:1439–1445
Chew MH, Chiow A, Tang CL (2008) Keloid formation after stapled haemorrhoidectomy causing anal stenosis: a rare complication. Tech Coloproctol 12:351–352
Chik B, Law WL, Choi HK (2006) Urinary retention after haemorrhoidectomy: impact of stapled haemorrhoidectomy. Asian J Surg 29:233–237
Chung YC, Wu HJ (2003) Clinical experience of sutureless closed hemorrhoidectomy with LigaSure. Dis Colon Rectum 46:87–92
Cihan A, Menteş BB, Sucak G et al (1999) Fournier’s gangrene after hemorrhoidectomy: association with drug-induced agranulocytosis. Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 42:1644–1648
Cipriani S, Pescatori M (2002) Acute rectal obstruction after PPH stapled haemorrhoidectomy. Colorectal Dis 4:367–370
Cirocco WC (1996) Local epinephrine injection for delayed hemorrhage after hemorrhoidectomy. Tech Coloproctol 4:147–149
Cirocco WC (2008) Life threatening sepsis and mortality following stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Surgery 143:824–829
Corman ML, Carriero A, Hager T et al (2006) Consensus conference on the stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR). Colorect Dis 8:98–101
Cotton MH (2005) Pelvic sepsis after stapled hemorrhoidectomy. J Am Coll Surg 200:983
Dal Monte PP, Tagariello C, Sarago M et al (2007) Transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialisation: nonexcisional surgery for the treatment of haemorrhoidal disease. Tech Coloproctol 11:333–338
Daniel F, Sultan S, de Parades V et al (2006) Anal fissure and minor anorectal sepsis after stapled hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 49:693–694
De Nardi P, Corsetti M, Passaretti S et al (2008) Evaluation of sensory and motor rectal response after hemorrhoidopexy with electronic barostat. Dis Colon Rectum 51:1255–1260
De Santis G, Gola P, Lancione L et al (2011) Sigmoid intramural hematoma and hemoperitoneum: an early severe complication after stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Tech Coloproctol [Epub ahead of print]
Dodi G, Cavallari F, Ventura S et al (1999) Sarafoff’s anoplasty for incontinence following Whitehead’s hemorrhoidectomy. Tech Coloproctol 3:63–66
Drummond R, Wright DM (2007) Continued rectal bleeding following stapled haemorrhoidectomy. Colorectal Dis 9:669–670
Durai R, Ng PC (2009) Perirectal abscess following procedure for prolapsed haemorrhoids successfully managed with a combination of VAC sponge and Redivac systems. Tech Coloproctol 13:307–309
Ertem M, Karatas A, Gök H, Yilmaz S (2009) Rare complication following Longo operation: giant rectal haematoma. Case report. ANZ J Surg 79:956–957
Estrada O, Martinez I, Del Bas M, Salvans S, Hidalgo LA (2009) Rectal diversion without colostomy in Fournier’s gangrene. Tech Coloproctol 13:157–159
Eu KW, Teoh TA, Seow-Choen F, Goh HS (1995) Anal stricture following haemorrhoidectomy: early diagnosis and treatment. Aust N Z J Surg 65:101–103
Farag AE (1978) Pile suture: a new technique for the treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 65:293–295
Fareed M, El-Awady S, Abd-El monaem H, Aly A (2009) Randomized trial comparing LigaSure to closed Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy. Tech Coloproctol 13:243–246
Farouk R, Lieske B, Conaghan P (2010) Doppler guided hemorrhoid artery ligation and rectoanal repair for grade 2 and 3 hemorrhoids: outcomes after surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 53:580
Faucheron JL, Poncet G, Voirin D et al (2011) Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation and rectoanal repair (HAL-RAR) for the treatment of grade IV hemorrhoids: long-term results in 100 consecutive patients. Dis Colon Rectum 54:226–231
Festen S, van Hoogstraten MJ, van Geloven AA, Gerhards MF (2009) Treatment of grade III and IV haemorrhoidal disease with PPH or THD. A randomized trial on postoperative complications and short-term results. Int J Colorectal Dis 24:1401–1405
Filingeri V, Gravante G (2005) Pneumoretroperitoneum, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema of the neck after stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Tech Coloproctol 9:86
Filingeri V, Gravante G (2006) Stapled hemorrhoidopexy followed by fecal urgency and tenesmus: methodological complication or surgeon’s mistake? Tech Coloproctol 10:149
Folgado Alberto S, Oro I, Sánchez P et al (2009) Rectal ulcer as a complication of the Longo circular hemorrhoidopexy. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 101:733–735
Fondran JC, Porter JA, Slezak FA (2006) Inflammatory polyps: a cause of late bleeding in stapled hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 49:1910–1913
Forrest NP, Mullerat J, Evans C, Middleton SB (2010) Dopplerguided haemorrhoidal artery ligation with recto anal repair: a new technique for the treatment of symptomatic haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis 25:1251–1256
Gaj F, Trecca A (2005) Hemorrhoids and rectal internal mucosal prolapse: one or two conditions? A national survey. Tech Coloproctol 9:163–165
Ganio E, Altomare DF, Gabrielli F, Milito G, Canuti S (2001) Prospective randomized multicentre trial comparing stapled with open haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 88:669–674
Gao XH, Wang HT, Chen JG, Yang XD, Qian Q, Fu CG (2010) Rectal perforation after procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids: possible causes. Dis Colon Rectum 53:1439–1445
Garg P, Sidhu G, Nair S et al (2011) The fate and significance of retained staples after stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Colorect Dis 13:572–575
Giamundo P, Cecchetti W, Esercizio L et al (2010) Dopplerguided hemorrhoidal laser procedure for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids: experimental background and short-term clinical results of a new mini-invasive treatment. Surg Endosc 25:1369–1375
Gingold BS (1991) Complications of anorectal laser therapy. Persp Colon rect Surg 4:305–312
Giordano A, della Corte M (2008) Non-operative management of a rectovaginal fistula complicating stapled haemorrhoidectomy. Int J Colorectal Dis 23:727–728
Giordano P, Bradley BM, Peiris L (2008) Obliteration of the rectal lumen after stapled hemorrhoidopexy: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 51:1574–1576
Giordano P, Gravante G, Sorge R et al (2009) Long-term outcomes of stapled hemorrhoidopexy vs conventional hemorrhoidectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg 144:266–272
Gravante G, Venditti D (2007) Pos anal stenoses with Ligasure hemorrhoidectomy. World J Surg 31:245
Gravié JF, Lehur PA, Huten N et al (2005) Stapled hemorrhoidopexy versus milligan-morgan hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial with 2-year postoperative follow up. Ann Surg 242:29–35
Guenin MO, Rosenthal R, Kern B et al (2005) Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy: long-term results and patient satisfaction. Dis Colon Rectum 48:1523–1527
Gupta PJ (2004) A comparative study between radiofrequency ablation with plication and Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy for grade III hemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 8:163–168
Gupta PJ (2009) Ethical issues on newer technologies in colorectal practice. Tech Coloproctol 13:329–330
Guy RJ, Seow-Choen F (2003) Septic complications after treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 90:147–156
Halberg M, Raahave D (2006) Perirectal, retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal and mediastinal gas after stapled haemorrhoidopexy. Ugeskr Laeger 168:3139–3140
Hall NR, Goldberg SM (2003) Reoperative surgery for persistent hemorrhoidal disease and complications of surgical hemorrhoidectomy. In: Longo WE, Northover JMA (eds) Reoperative colon and rectal surgery. London, Martin Dunitz
Heppel J, Benard F (1991) Life-threatening perineal sepsis. Persp Colon Rect Surg 4:1–16
Ho KS, Ho YH (2006) Prospective randomized trial comparing stapled hemorrhoidopexy versus closed Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy. Tech Coloproctol 10:193–197
Ho YH, Foo CL, Seow-Choen F, Goh HS (1995) Prospective randomized controlled trial of a micronized flavonidic fraction to reduce bleeding after haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 82:1034–1035
Ho YH, Seow-Choen F, Tsang C, Eu KW (2001) Randomized trial assessing anal sphincter injuries after stapled haemor-rhoidectomy. Br J Surg 88:1449–1455
Holzheimer RG (2004) Hemorrhoidectomy: indications and risks. Eur J Med Res 9:18–36
Hosch SB, Knoefel WT, Pichlmeier U et al (1998) Surgical treatment of piles: prospective, randomized study of Parks vs. Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 41:159–164
Huang WS, Chin CC, Yeh CH et al (2007) Randomized comparison between stapled hemorrhoidectomy and Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy for grade III hemorrhoids in Taiwan: a prospective study. Int J Colorectal Dis 22:955–961
Hussein AM (2001) Ligation-anopexy for treatment of advanced hemorrhoidal disease. Dis Colon Rectum 44:1887–1890
Hwang DY, Yoon SG, Kim HS, Lee JK, Kim KY (2003) Effect of 0.2 percent glyceryl trinitrate ointment on wound healing after a hemorrhoidectomy: results of a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 46:950–954
Ibrahim S, Tsang C, Lee YL, Eu KW, Seow-Choen F (1998) Prospective, randomized trial comparing pain and complications between diathermy and scissors for closed hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 41:1418–1420
Imbelloni LE, Gouveia MA, Vieira EM, Cordeiro JA (2008) Selective sensory spinal anaesthesia with hypobaric lidocaine for anorectal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52:1327–1330
Infantino A, Bellomo R, Dal Monte PP et al (2010) Transanal haemorrhoidal artery echodoppler ligation and anopexy (THD) is effective for II and III degree haemorrhoids: a prospective multicentric study. Colorectal Dis 12:804–809
Jayaraman S, Colquhoun PH, Malthaner RA (2007) Stapled hemorrhoidopexy is associated with a higher long-term recurrence rate of internal hemorrhoids compared with conventional excisional hemorrhoid surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 50:1297–1305
Jayaraman S, Colquhoun PHD, Malthaner RA (2006) Stapled versus conventional surgery for hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 Art. No: CD005393
Jensen C, Jørgensen H (2001) Late, life-threatening bleeding after hemorrhoidectomy. UgeskrLaeger 163:41–42
Jóhannsson HO, Påhlman L, Graf W (2006) Randomized clinical trial of the effects on anal function of Milligan-Morgan versus Ferguson haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 93:1208–1214
Kam MH, Lim JF, Ho KS, Ooi BS, Eu KW (2009) Short-term results of DST EEA 33 stapler and neu@ anoscope for stapled haemorrhoidectomy: a prospective study of 1,118 patients from a single centre. Tech Coloproctol 13:273–277
Kanellos I, Blouhos K, Demetriades H, Pramateftakis MG, Betsis D (2004) Pneumomediastinum after dilatation of anal stricture following stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Tech Coloproctol 8:185–187
Karanlik H, Akturk R, Camlica H, Asoglu O (2009) The effect of glyceryl trinitrate ointment on posthemorrhoidectomy pain and wound healing: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Dis Colon Rectum 52:280–285
Keighley MR, Williams NS (1993) Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon. Sounders Elsevier, Philadelphia
Kekez T, Bulic K, Smudj D, Majerovic M (2007) Is stapled hemorrhoidopexy safe for the male homosexual patient? Report of a case. Surg Today 37:335–337
Khubchandani I (2002) Internal sphincterotomy with hemor-rhoidectomy does not relieve pain: a prospective, randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum 45:1452–1457
Khubchandani I (2005) Open vs. closed hemorrhoidectomy. Tech Coloproctol 9:256
Khubchandani I, Fealk MH, Reed JF 3rd (2009) Is there a post-PPH syndrome? Tech Coloproctol 13:141–144
Knight JS, Senapati A, Lamparelli MJ (2008) National UK audit of procedure for prolapsing haemorrhoids on behalf of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. Colorectal Dis 10:440–445
Kodner IJ (2009) Innovations in colorectal surgery. Tech Coloproctol 13:167–168
Koh PK, Seow-Choen F (2005) Mucosal flap excision for treatment of remnant prolapsed hemorrhoids or skin tags after stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Dis Colon Rectum 48:1660–1662
Kosorok P, Mlakar B (2005) Haemorrhoidectomy as a one-day surgical procedure: modified Ferguson technique. Tech Coloproctol 9:57–59
Kraemer M, Parulava T, Roblick M et al (2005) Prospective, randomized study: proximate PPH stapler vs. LigaSure for hemorrhoidal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 48:1517–1522
Kriss BD, Porter JA, Slezak FA (1990) Retroperitoneal air after routine hemorrhoidectomy. Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 33:971–973
LaTorre F, Nicolai AP (2004) Clinical use of micronized purified flavonoid fraction for treatment of symptoms after hemorrhoidectomy: results of a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum 47:704–710
Lacerda-Filho A, Assunção GM, deOliveira TA (2009) Neuropathic pain after stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Tech Coloproctol 13:255–256
Laughlan K, Jayne DG, Jackson D, Rupprecht F, Ribaric G (2009) Stapled haemorrhoidopexy compared to Milligan-Morgan and Ferguson haemorrhoidectomy: a systematic review. Int J Colorectal Dis 24:335–344
Lehnhardt M, Steinstraesser L, Druecke D, Muehlberger T, Steinau HU, Homann HH (2004) Fournier’s gangrene after Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy requiring subsequent abdominoperineal resection of the rectum: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 47:1729–1733
Lim YK, Eu KW, Ho KS, Ooi BS, Tang CL (2006) PPH03 stapled hemorrhoidopexy: our experience. Tech Coloproctol 10:43–46
Lin YH, Liu KW, Chen HP (2010) Haemorrhoidectomy: prevalence and risk factors of urine retention among post recipients. J Clin Nurs 19:2771–2776
Lindsey I, Jones OM, Smilgin-Humphreys MM, Cunningham C, Mortensen NJ (2004) Patterns of fecal incontinence after anal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 47:1643–1649
Lo O, Ong K, Kam M, Eu K (2010) Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization a short-term prospective case series in a single institution. Dis Colon Rectum 53:581
Longo WE, Northover J (2003) Reoperative colon and rectal surgery. Martin Dunitz — Medical
Luo CH, Zang CB, Zhang GK, Liu HY (2010) Haemorrhoidectomy by vessel sealing system under local anaesthesia in an outpatient setting: preliminary experience. Colorectal Dis 12:236–240
Marino F (2009) Gabapentin therapy for chronic proctalgia following stapled haemorrhoidopexy. Colorectal Dis 11:788
Martellucci J, Papi F, Tanzini G (2009) Double rectal perforation after stapled haemorrhoidectomy. Int J Colorectal Dis 24:1113–1114
Martínez-Serrano MA, Parés D, Pera M et al (2009) Management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding after colorectal resection and stapled anastomosis. Tech Coloproctol 13:49–53
Mattana C, Coco C, Manno A et al (2007) Stapled hemorrhoidopexy and Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy in the cure of fourth-degree hemorrhoids: long-term evaluation and clinical results. Dis Colon Rectum 50:1170–1175
Maw A, Eu KW, Seow-Choen F (2002) Retroperitoneal sepsis complicating stapled hemorrhoidectomy: report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 45:826–828
McCloud JM, Doucas H, Scott AD, Jameson JS (2007) Delayed presentation of life-threatening perineal sepsis following stapled haemorrhoidectomy: a case report. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 89:301–302
McCloud JM, Jameson JS, Scott AN (2006) Life-threatening sepsis following treatment for haemorrhoids: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 8:748–755
McDonald PJ, Bona R, Cohen CR (2004) Rectovaginal fistula after stapled haemorrhoidopexy. Colorectal Dis 6:64–65; Comment on: Colorectal Dis 2003; 5:304-310
Meyer P, Stieger R (2004) Retroperitoneal hematoma due to seam insufficiency after stapled hemorrhoidectomy. Chirurg 75:1125–1127
Milito G, Cadeddu F, Muzi MG, Nigro C, Farinon AM (2010) Haemorrhoidectomy with LigaSure vs conventional excisional techniques: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Colorectal Dis 12:85–93
Milito G, Cortese F, Brancaleone C, Casciani CU (1997) Submucosal haemorrhoidectomy: surgical results and complications in 1,315 patients. Tech Coloproctol 1:128–132
Milito G, Gargiani M, Cortese F (2002) Randomised trial comparing LigaSure haemorrhoidectomy with the diathermy dissection operation. Tech Coloproctol 6:171–175
Milsom JW, Mazier WP (1986) Classification and management of postsurgical anal stenosis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 163:60–64
Mlakar B (2007) Should we avoid stapled hemorrhoidopexy in males and females who practice receptive anal sex? Dis Colon Rectum 50:1727
Molloy RG, Kingsmore D (2000) Life threatening pelvic sepsis after stapled haemorrhoidectomy. Lancet 355:810
Mongardini M, Custureri F, Schillaci F et al (2005) Rectal stenosis after stapler hemorrhoidopexy. G Chir 26:275–277
Muzi MG, Milito G, Nigro C et al (2007) Randomized clinical trial of LigaSure and conventional diathermy haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 94:937–942
Naldini G (2011) Serious unconventional complications of surgery with stapler for haemorrhoidal prolapse and obstructed defaecation because of rectocoele and rectal intussusception. Colorectal Dis 13:323–327
Naldini G, Martellucci J, Moraldi L et al (2009) Is simple mucosal resection really possible? Considerations about histological findings after stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Int J Colorectal Dis 24:537–541
Nemati Fard M (2006) Sardinian congress of the Italian society of colorectal surgery. Tech Coloproctol 10:383–384
Ng KH, Ho KS, Ooi BS et al (2006) Experience of 3,711 stapled haemorrhoidectomy operations. Br J Surg 93:226–230
Ng KH, Ho KS, Ooi BS et al (2007) Pudendal block with bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief. Dis Colon Rectum 50:1656–1661
Nicholson TJ, Armstrong D (2004) Topical metronidazole (10 percent) decreases posthemorrhoidectomy pain and improves healing. Dis Colon Rectum 47:711–716
Nienhuijs SW, de Hingh IH (2010) Pain after conventional versus LigaSure haemorrhoidectomy. A meta-analysis. Int J Surg 8:269–273
Nisar PJ, Acheson AG, Neal KR et al (2004) Stapled hemorrhoidopexy compared with conventional hemorrhoidectomy: systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum 47:1837–1845
Nyström PO, Qvist N, Raahave D et al (2010) Randomized clinical trial of symptom control after stapled anopexy or diathermy excision for hemorrhoid prolapse. Brit J Surg 97:167–176
Occelli G, Bruni T (2006) The Italian Society of Colo-Rectal Surgery (SICCR) Annual Report of the Coloproctology Units (UCP Club)
Ommer A, Wenger FA, Rolfs T, Walz MK (2008) Continence disorders after anal surgery — a relevant problem? Int J Colorectal Dis 23:1023–1031
Ong K, Kam M, Eu K (2010) Pain scores after stapled hemorrhoidopexy vs transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization: a prospective study of 70 consecutive patients. Dis Colon Rectum 53:578
Ortiz H, Marzo J, Armendáriz P et al (2005) Stapled hemorrhoidopexy vs. diathermy excision for fourth-degree hemorrhoids: a randomized, clinical trial and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 48:809–815
Oughriss M, Yver R, Faucheron JL (2005) Complications of stapled hemorrhoidectomy: a French multicentric study. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 29:429–433
Palazzo FF, Francis DL, Clifton MA (2002) Randomized clinical trial of Ligasure versus open haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 89:154–157
Patti R, Almasio PL, Arcara M et al (2006) Botulinum toxin vs. topical glyceryl trinitrate ointment for pain control in patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy: a randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum 49:1741–1748
Patti R, Almasio PL, Muggeo VM et al (2005) Improvement of wound healing after hemorrhoidectomy: a double-blind, randomized study of botulinum toxin injection. Dis Colon Rectum 48:2173–2179
Patti R, Arcara M, Bonventre S et al (2008) Randomized clinical trial of botulinum toxin injection for pain relief in patients with thrombosed external haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 95:1339–1343
Pescatori M (1995) Closed hemorrhoidectomy. Ann Ital Chir 66:787–790
Pescatori M (2002) Management of post-anopexy rectal stricture. Tech Coloproctol 6:125–126
Pescatori M (2002) Prospective randomized multicentre trial comparing stapled with open haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 89:122
Pescatori M (2002) Two-quadrant semiclosed hemorrhoidectomy. A preliminary report. Tech Coloproctol 6:105–108
Pescatori M (2006) Chronic anorectal pain after stapled hemorrhoidopexy. The use and abuse of surgery. Osp It Chir 12:259–265
Pescatori M, Ayabaca S, Caputo D (2004) Can anal manometry predict anal incontinence after fistulectomy in males? Colorectal Dis 6:97–102
Pescatori M, Favetta U, Amato A (2000) Anorectal function and clinical outcome after open and closed haemorrhoidectomy, with and without internal sphincterotomy. A prospective study. Tech Coloproctol 4:17–23
Pescatori M, Favetta U, Dedola S, Orsini S (1997) Transanal stapled excision of rectal mucosal prolapse. Tech Coloproctol 1:96–98
Pescatori M, Favetta U, Navarra L (1998) Anal pressures after hemorrhoidectomy. Int J Colorectal Dis 13:149
Pescatori M, Gagliardi G (2008) Postoperative complications after procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids (PPH) and stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) procedures. Tech Coloproctol 12:7–19
Pescatori M, Quondamcarlo C (1999) Prevention of intraoperative complications during stapled excision of rectal mucosal prolapse. Tech Coloproctol 3:103–104
Pescatori M, Spyrou M, Cobellis L et al (2006) The rectal pocket syndrome after stapled mucosectomy. Colorectal Dis 8:808–811
Pescatori M, Spyrou M, Pulvirenti d’Urso A (2007) A prospective evaluation of occult disorders in obstructed defecation using the ‘iceberg diagram’. Colorectal Dis 9:452–456
Petersen S, Hellmich G, Schumann D et al (2004) Early rectal stenosis following stapled rectal mucosectomy for hemorrhoids. BMC Surg 21:6
Petersen S, Jongen J, Scwenck W (2011) Agraffectomy after low rectal stapling procedures for hemorrhoids and rectocele. Tech Coloproctol [Epub ahead of print]
Phillips RKS (2009) Stapled obliteration of rectal lumen after PPH. Dis Colon Rectum 52:1525
Pigot F, Dao-Quang M, Castinel A et al (2006) Low hemorrhoidopexy staple line does not improve results and increases risk for incontinence. Tech Coloproctol 10:329–333
Quah HM, Seow-Choen F (2004) Prospective, randomized trial comparing diathermy excision and diathermy coagulation for symptomatic, prolapsed hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 47:367–370
Ramcharan KS, Hunt TM (2005) Anal stenosis after LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 48:1670–1671
Rand AA (1969) Skin-flap graft operation for hemorrhoids, a modification of the Whitehead. Dis Colon Rectum 265–276
Rasmussen OO, Larsen KG, Naver L et al (1991) Emergency haemorrhoidectomy compared with incision and banding for the treatment of acute strangulated haemorrhoids. A prospective randomised study. Eur J Surg 157:613–614
Ratto C, Giordano P, Donisi L et al (2010a) Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization for IV degree hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 53:578
Ratto C, Giordano P, Donisi L et al (2011) Transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD) for selected fourth-degree haemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 15:191–197
Ratto C, Parello A, Zaccone G et al (2010b) Assessment of hemorrhoidal arteries location within the rectum using endorectal ultrasound and echo-color doppler. Dis Colon Rectum 53:578
Ravo B, Amato A, Bianco V et al (2002) Complications after stapled hemorrhoidectomy: can they be prevented? Tech Coloproctol 6:83–88
Raymond TM, Raman SR, Basnyat PS (2008) First case of rectal inclusion cyst after stapled haemorrhoidopexy (PPH). Colorectal Dis 10:733–734
Regadas FS, Regadas SM, Rodrigues LV et al (2005) Transanal repair of rectocele and full rectal mucosectomy with one circular stapler: a novel surgical technique. Tech Coloproctol 9:63–66
Reis Neto JA, Reis JA Jr, Kagohara O et al (2005) Semi-open hemorrhoidectomy. Tech Coloproctol. 9:159–161
Roe AM, Bartolo DC, Vellacott KD et al (1987) Submucosal versus ligation excision haemorrhoidectomy: a comparison of anal sensation, anal sphincter manometry and postoperative pain and function. Br J Surg 74:948–951
Rosa G, Lolli P, Piccinelli D, Vicenzi L et al (2005) Submucosal reconstructive hemorrhoidectomy (Parks’ operation): a 20-year experience. Tech Coloproctol 9:209–214
Sakr MF (2010) LigaSure versus Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Tech Coloproctol 14:13–17
Sakr MF, Moussa MM (2010) LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy versus stapled Hemorrhoidopexy: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum 53:1161–1167
Salvati EP (1990) Management of acute hemorrhoidal disease. Persp Colon Rect Surg 3:309–314
Schmidt J, Dogan N, Langenbach R et al (2009) Fecal urge incontinence after stapled anopexia for prolapse and hemor-rhoids: a prospective, observational study. World J Surg 33:355–364
Senagore AJ, Singer M, Abcarian J et al (2004) A prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter trial comparing stapled hemorrhoidopexy and Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy: perioperative and one-year results. Dis Colon Rectum 47:1824–1836
Serventi A, Rassu PC, Giaminardi E et al (2010) Fecaloma in an iatrogenic diverticulum: an unusual complication of the procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids (PPH). Tech Coloproctol 14:371–372
Shanmugam V, Muthukumarasamy G, Cook JA et al (2010) Randomized controlled trial comparing rubber band ligation with stapled haemorrhoidopexy for Grade II circumferential haemorrhoids: long-term results. Colorectal Dis 12:579–586
Shanmugam V, Thaha MA, Rabindranath KS et al (2005) Systematic review of randomized trials comparing rubber band ligation with excisional haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 92:1481–1487
Siddiqui MRS, Abraham-Igwe C, Shangumanandan A et al (2011) A literature review on the role of chemical sphincterotomy after Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy. Int J Colorectal Dis 26: 685–682
Sileri P, Stolfi VM, Franceschilli L et al (2008) Reinterventions for specific technique-related complications of stapled haemorrhoidopexy (SH): a critical appraisal. J Gastrointest Surg 12:1866–1872
Silverman R, Bendick PJ, Wasvary HJ (2005) A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of a calcium channel blocker ointment on pain after hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 48:1913–1916
Slawik S, Kenefick N, Greenslade GL et al (2007) A prospective evaluation of stapled haemorrhoidopexy/rectal mucosectomy in the management of 3rd and 4th degree haemorrhoids. Colorectal Dis 9:352–356
Smellie GD (1965) Control of post-haemorrhoidectomy bleeding with a Foley catheter and a pack. J R Coll Surg Edinb 11:328
Soudan D, Castinel A, Suduca J et al (2010) One-year outcome of hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective, multicenter French study. Dis Colon Rectum 53:581
Spyrou M, De Nardi P (2005) The last images. Fecal incontinence after stapled transanal rectotomy managed with Durasphere injection. Tech Coloproctol 9:87
Sultan S, Rabahi N, Etienney I et al (2010) Stapled haemorrhoidopexy: 6 years’ experience of a referral centre. Colorectal Dis 12:921–926
Szmulowicz U, Gurland B, Garofalo T et al (2010) Hemorrhoidal arterial ligation: the experience of a single institution. Dis Colon Rectum 53:579
Tegon G, Pulzato L, Passarella L et al (2009) Randomized placebo-controlled trial on local applications of opioids after hemorrhoidectomy. Tech Coloproctol 13:219–224
Tenschert G, Freitas A, Langmayr J et al (2006) Reinterventions after stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Proktologia, Supplement, 2006 (abstract)
Teo JY, Kam MH, Eu KW (2010) Letter to the editor on the article “Treatment of grade III and IV haemorrhoidal disease with PPH or THD. A randomized trial on postoperative complications and short-term results”. Int J Colorectal Dis 25:1385
Thaha MA, Irvine LA, Steel RJ, Campbell KL (2005) Postdefecation pain syndrome after circular stapled anopexy is abolished by oral nifedipine. Br J Surg 92:208–210
Theodoropoulos GE, Sevrisarianos N, Papaconstantinou J et al (2010) Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation, rectoanal repair, sutured haemorrhoidopexy and minimal mucocutaneous excision for grades III–IV haemorrhoids: a multicenter prospective study of safety and efficacy. Colorectal Dis 12:125–134
Tjandra JJ, Chan MK (2007) Systematic review on the procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (stapled hemorrhoidopexy). Dis Colon Rectum 50:878–892
Toyonaga T, Matsushima M, Sogawa N et al (2006) Postoperative urinary retention after surgery for benign anorectal disease: potential risk factors and strategy for prevention. Int J Colorectal 21:676–682
van Wensen RJ, van Leuken MH, Bosscha K (2008) Pelvic sepsis after stapled hemorrhoidopexy. World J Gastroenterol 14:5924–5926
Vasudevan SP, Mustafael A, Gadhvi VM, Jhaldiyal P, Saharay M (2007) Acute intestinal obstruction following stapled haemorrhoidopexy. Colorectal Dis 9:668–669
Vindal A, Lal P, Chander J, Ramteke VK (2008) Rectal perforation after injection sclerotherapy for hemorrhoids: case report. Indian J Gastroenterol 27:84–85
Wang JY, Lu CY, Tsai HL et al (2006) Randomized controlled trial of LigaSure with submucosal dissection versus Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy for prolapsed hemorrhoids. World J Surg 30:462–466
Wasvary HJ, Hain J, Mosed-Vogel M, Bendick P, Barkel DC, Klein SN (2001) Randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of effect of nitroglycerin ointment on pain after hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 44:1069–1073
Watson AJ, McLaren CM, Chapman AD, Binnie NR, Loudon MA (2003) Further cautionary tales from histopathology of stapled haemorrhoidopexy specimens. Colorectal Dis 5:271–272
Wexner SD (2001) Persistent pain and faecal urgency after stapled aemorrhoidectomy. Tech Coloproctol 5:56–57
Wilkerson PM, Strbac M, Reece-Smith H, Middleton SB (2009) Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation: long-term outcome and patient satisfaction. Colorectal Dis 11:394–400
Wolff BG, Culp CE (1988) The Whitehead hemorrhoidectomy. An unjustly maligned procedure. Dis Colon Rectum 31:587–590
Wong LY, Jiang JK, Chang SC, Lin JK (2003) Rectal perforation: a life-threatening complication of stapled hemorrhoidectomy: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 46:116–117
Yao L, Zhong Y, Xu J, Xu M, Zhou P (2006) Rectal stenosis after procedures for prolapse and hemorrhoids (PPH)—a report from China. World J Surg 30:1311–1315
You SY, Kim SH, Chung CS, Lee DK (2005) Open vs. closed hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 48:108–113
Zacharakis E, Kanellos D, Pramateftakis MG et al (2007) Long-term results after stapled haemorrhoidopexy for fourth-degree haemorrhoids: a prospective study with median follow-up of 6 years. Tech Coloproctol 11:144–147
Zbar AP (2008) Postoperative complications after procedure for prolapsing haemorrhoids (PPH) and stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR). Tech Coloproctol 12:136–137 (correspondence)
Zbar AP (2009) Innovations in coloproctology. Tech Coloproctol 13:331–332
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pescatori, M. (2012). Hemorrhoids. In: Prevention and Treatment of Complications in Proctological Surgery. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2077-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2077-1_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2076-4
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2077-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)