Riassunto
L’obesità è una patologia cronica che si associa a un aumentato rischio per l’insorgenza di diverse patologie (diabete, malattie cardiovascolari, tumori) e riduce la qualità e la durata della vita. In Italia, la prevalenza è aumentata dall’8,5% nel 2002 al 10,2% nel 2005 (Istat, 2010). La maggior causa di mortalità nei pazienti obesi è la malattia cardiovascolare che negli ultimi decenni, grazie al miglioramento delle terapie farmacologiche e agli interventi sanitari effettuati, è diminuita quale causa di decesso. Allo stesso modo il rischio di mortalità per diabete, la seconda maggior complicanza nel paziente obeso, si è ridotto. Attualmente è più frequente registrare in soggetti con peso elevato un aumento di patologie a carico dell’apparato osteo-articolare, in particolare ginocchia e rachide, con dolore e importanti limitazioni funzionali. Ciò comporta un aumento della disabilità ma non della mortalità con un aumento dei costi sociali di tale patologie. Secondo quanto definito dall’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS) la disabilità è definita come il risultato negativo dell’interazione fra la condizione del soggetto e i fattori contestuali (ambientali e personali) che incidono sul suo modo di vivere. Negli ultimi anni si è resa più evidente la relazione, indipendente dalla presenza di patologie croniche, tra obesità, misurata con l’indice di massa corporea (Body Mass Index, BMI), e diversi gradi di disabilità valutate come limitazioni funzionali nelle attività della vita quotidiana (Activities of Daily Living, ADL) (odd ratio, OR, 2,2 nell’uomo e 2,4 nella donna) sia per cause fisiche (camminare o salire scalini) o sintomatiche (dolore, dispnea o problemi del sonno) (Peytremann-Bridevaux e Santos- Eggimann, 2007).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliografia
Anandacoomarasamy A, Fransen M, March L (2009) Obesity and the musculoskeletal system. Curr Opin Rheumatol 21(1):71–77
Berrigan F, Simoneau M, Tremblay A et al (2006) Influence of obesity on accurate and rapid arm movement performed from a standing posture. Int J Obes (Lond) 30(12):1750–1757
Browning RC, Kram R (2007) Effects of obesity on the biomechanics of walking at different speeds. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(9):1632–1641
Busetto L, Romanato G, Zambon S et al (2009) The effects of weight changes after middle age on the rate of disability in an elderly population sample. J Am Geriatr Soc 57(6):1015–1021
Capodaglio P, Vismara L, Menegoni F et al (2009) Strength characterization of knee flexor and extensor muscles in Prader-Willi and obese patients. BMC Musculoskelet Di 10:47
Chen KY, Acra SA, Donahue CL et al (2004) Efficiency of walking and stepping: relationship to body fatness. Obes Res 12:982–989
Colombini D, Occhipinti E, Menoni O et al (1993) Patologie del rachide dorso-lombare e movimentazione manuale di carichi: orientamenti per la formulazione dei giudizi di idoneità. Med Lav 84(5):416–432
Cooper C, Snow S, McAlindon TE et al (2000) Risk factors for the incidence and progression of radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43(5):995–1000
Crandall CS (1994) Prejudice against fat people: ideology and self-interest. J Pers Soc Psychol 66(5):882–894
Deitel M, Shahi B, Deitel FH (1991) Effect of weight loss in the morbidly obese patient with severe disability. Obes Surg 1(4):419–421
DeLorey DS, Wyrick BL, Babb TG (2005) Mild-to-moderate obesity: implications for respiratory mechanics at rest and during exercise in young men. Int J Obes (Lond) 29(9):1039–1047
DeVita P, Hortobágyi T (2003) Obesity is not associated with increased knee joint torque and power during level walking. J Biomech 36:1355–1362
Duvigneaud N, Matton L, Wijndaele K et al (2008) Relationship of obesity with physical activity, aerobic fitness and muscle strength in Flemish adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 48(2):201–210
Escalante A, Lichtenstein MJ, Hazuda HP (1999) Determinants of shoulder and elbow flexion range: results from the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging. Arthritis Care Res 12(4):277–286
Fabris de Souza SA, Faintuch J, Valezi AC et al (2005) Postural changes in morbidly obese patients. Obest Surg 15:1013–1016
Falkner NH, French SA, Jeffery RW et al (1999) Mistreatment due to weight: prevalence and sources of perceived mistreatment in women and men. Obes Res 7(6):572–576
Forhan M (2009) An analysis of disability models and the application of the ICF to obesity. Disabil Rehabil 31(16):1382–1388
Gallagher D, Visser M, Sepúlveda D et al (1996) How useful is body mass index for comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups? Am J Epidemiol 143:228–239
Gelber AC, Hochberg MC, Mead LA et al (1999) Body mass index in young men and the risk of subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Am J Med 107(6):542–548
Hartz AJ, Fischer ME, Bril G et al (1986) The association of obesity with joint pain and osteoarthritis in the HANES data. J Chronic Dis 39(4):311–319
Hue O, Simoneau M, Marcotte J et al (2007) Body weight is a strong predictor of postural stability. Gait Posture 26(1):32–38
Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (Istat) (2010) Stili di vita e condizioni di salute. Indagine multiscopo sulle famiglie “Aspetti della vita quotidiana” Anni 2003–2008. Istat, Roma 2005–2010
Lai PP, Leung AK, Li AN, Zhang M (2008) Three-dimensional gait analysis of obese adults. Clin Biomech 23(1):S2–S6
Lang IA, Llewellyn DJ, Alexander K, Melzer D (2008) Obesity, physical function, and mortality in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 56(8):1474–1478
Larsson UE (2004) Influence of weight loss on pain, perceived disability and observed functional limitations in obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28(2):269–277
Levine JA, Miller JM (2007) The energy expenditure of using a “walk-and-work” desk for office workers with obesity. Br J Sports Med 41(9):558–561
Liuke M, Solovieva S, et al (2005) Disc degeneration of the lumbar spine in relation to overweight. Int J Obes 29(8):903–908
Menegoni F, Vismara L, Capodaglio P et al (2008) Kinematic analysis of trunk movements: protocol design and application in obese females. J Appl Biomater Biom 6(3):178–185
Malatesta D, Vismara L, Menegoni F et al (2009) Mechanical external work and recovery at preferred walking speed in obese subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41(2):426–425
NIOSH (1997) Musculoskeletal disorders and workplace factors. A critical review of epidemiologic evidence for work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the neck, upper extremity, and low back. NIOSH Publ 97-141
Ohnari K, Uozumi T, Tsuji S (2007) Occupation and carpal tunnel syndrome. Brain Nerve 59(11):1247–1252
Peytremann-Bridevaux I, Santos-Eggimann B (2007) Use of preventive services of overweight and obese Europeans aged 50–79 years. J Gen Intern Med 22(7):923–929
Raggi A, Sirtori A, Brunani A et al (2009) Use of the ICF to describe functioning and disability in obese patients. Disabil Rehabil 31(1):S153–S158
Rejeski WJ, Ip EH, Marsh AP et al (2008) Obesity influences transitional states of disability in older adults with knee pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89(11):2102–2107
Roubenoff R (2000) Sarcopenic obesity: does muscle loss cause fat gain? Lessons from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 904:553–557
Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity (2011) http://www.yaleruddcenter.org. Accessed 8 September 2010
Saibene F, Minetti AE (2003) Biomechanical and physiological aspects of legged locomotion in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 88(4–5):297–316
Schmier JK, Jones ML, Halpern MT (2006) Cost of obesity in the workplace. Scand J Work Environ Health 32(1):5–11
Sibella F, Galli M, et al (2003) Biomechanical analysis of sit-to-stand movement in normal and obese subjects. Clin Biomech 18(8):745–750
Spyropoulos P, Pisciotta JC, Pavlou KN et al (1991) Biomechanical Gait Analysis in obese men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 72:1065–1070
Stenholm S, Koster A, Alley DE et al (2010) Joint association of obesity and metabolic syndrome with incident mobility limitation in older men and women-results from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 65(1):84–92
Syed IY, Davis BL (2000) Obesity and osteoarthritis of the knee: hypotheses concerning the relationship between ground reaction forces and quadriceps fatigue in long-duration walking. Med Hypotheses 54(2):182–185
Teasdale N, Hue O, Marcotte J et al (2007) Reducing weight increases postural stability in obese and morbid obese men. Int J Obes 31(1):153–160
Thompson DL (2007) The costs of obesity: what occupational health nurses need to know. AAOHN J 55(7):265–270
Vismara L, Romei M, Galli M et al (2007) Clinical implications of gait analysis in the rehabilitation of adult patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome: a cross-sectional comparative study. J Neuroeng Rehabil. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-4-14
Visser M, Langlois J, Guralnik JM et al (1998) High body fatness, but not low fat-free mass, predicts disability in older men and women: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 68(3):584–590
Werner CO, Elmqvist D, Ohlin P (1983) Pressure and nerve lesion in the carpal tunnel. Acta Orthop Scand S4:312–316
Werner RA, Franzblau A, Albers JW, Armstrong TJ (1997) Influence of body mass index and work activity on the prevalence of median mononeuropathy at the wrist. Occup Environ Med 54(4):268–271
Werner RA, Franzblau A, Gell N et al (2005) Predictors of upper extremity discomfort: a longitudinal study of industrial and clerical workers. J Occup Rehabil 15(1):27–35
Wearing SC, Hennig EM, Byrne NM et al (2006) Musculoskeletal disorders associated with obesity: a biomechanical perspective. Obes Rev 7(3):239–250
Xu X, Mirka GA, Hsiang SM (2008) The effects of obesity on lifting performance. Appl Ergon 39(1):93–98
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Capodaglio, P., Vismara, L., Tacchini, E., Precilios, H., Cimolin, V., Brunani, A. (2012). Obesità e disabilità. In: Clinica psicologica dell’obesità. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2007-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2007-8_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2006-1
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2007-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)