Abstract
Imaging is important in the clinical staging of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is typically performed with computed tomography (CT). Positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]fluro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) compliments conventional radiologic assessment when evaluating patients with NSCLC and is being routinely used to improve the detection of nodal and extrathoracic metastases. FDG-PET is also being evaluated for assessing prognosis and therapeutic response. This chapter discusses staging, restaging and assessing treatment response with an emphasis on the appropriate clinical use of FDG-PET in managing patients with NSCLC.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Rami-Porta R, Ball D, Crowley J et al (2007) The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the T descriptors in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2:593–602
Rusch VW, Crowley J, Giroux DJ et al (2007) The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2:603–612
Postmus PE, Brambilla E, Chansky K et al (2007) The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for revision of the M descriptors in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2:686–693
Goldstraw P, ed (2009) IASLC Staging Reference Card in Thoracic Oncology, Editorial Rx Press, New Milford, PA
Bruzzi JF, Komaki R, Walsh GL et al (2008) Imaging of non-small cell lung cancer of the superior sulcus: part 2: initial staging and assessment of resectability and therapeutic response. RadioGraphis 28:561–572
Bruzzi JF, Komaki R, Walsh GL et al (2008) Imaging of non-small cell lung cancer of the superior sulcus: part 1: anatomy, clinical manifestations, and management. RadioGraphics 28:551–560; quiz 620
Bilsky MH, Vitaz TW, Boland PJ (2002) Surgical treatment of superior sulcus tumors with spinal and brachial plexus involvement. J Neurosurg 97(3 Suppl):301–309
Prenzel KL, Monig SP, Sinning JM et al (2003) Lymph node size and metastatic infiltration in non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 123:463–467
Toloza EM, Harpole L, Detterbeck F, McCrory DC (2003) Invasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: a review of the current evidence. Chest 123(1 Suppl):S157–S166
Birim O, Kappetein AP, Stijnen T, Bogers AJ (2005) Meta-analysis of positron emission tomographic and computed tomographic imaging in detecting mediastinal lymph node metastases in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 79:375–382
Antoch G, Stattaus J, Nemat AT et al (2003) Non-small cell lung cancer: dual-modality PET/CT in preoperative staging. Radiology 229(2):526–533
de Langen AJ, Raijmakers P, Riphagen I et al (2006) The size of mediastinal lymph nodes and its relation with metastatic involvement: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 29:26–29
Reed CE, Harpole DH, Posther KE et al (2003) Results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0050 trial: the utility of positron emission tomography in staging potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126:1943–1951
Verboom P, Van Tinteren H, Hoekstra OS et al (2003) Cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET in staging non-small cell lung cancer: the PLUS study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:1444–1449
van Tinteren H, Hoekstra OS, Smit EF et al (2002) Effectiveness of positron emission tomography in the preoperative assessment of patients with suspected non-small-cell lung cancer: the PLUS multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 359:1388–1393
MacManus MP, Hicks RJ, Matthews JP et al (2001) High rate of detection of unsuspected distant metastases by PET in apparent stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: implications for radical radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50:287–293
Viney RC, Boyer MJ, King MT et al (2004) Randomized controlled trial of the role of positron emission tomography in the management of stage I and II non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 22:2357–2362
Lardinois D, Weder W, Roudas M et al (2005) Etiology of solitary extrapulmonary positron emission tomography and computed tomography findings in patients with lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:6846–6853
Colice GL, Rubins J, Unger M (2003) Follow-up and surveillance of the lung cancer patient following curative-intent therapy. Chest 123(1 Suppl):S272–S283
Walsh GL, O’Connor M, Willis KM et al (1995) Is follow-up of lung cancer patients after resection medically indicated and cost-effective? Ann Thorac Surg 60:1563–1672
Westeel V, Choma D, Clement F et al (2000) Relevance of an intensive postoperative follow-up after surgery for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 70:1185–1190
Hicks RJ, Kalff V, MacManus MP et al (2001) The utility of (18)F-FDG PET for suspected recurrent non-small cell lung cancer after potentially curative therapy: impact on management and prognostic stratification. J Nucl Med 42:1605–1613
Hellwig D, Groschel A, Graeter TP et al (2006) Diagnostic performance and prognostic impact of FDG-PET in suspected recurrence of surgically treated non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33:13–21
Curran WJ Jr, Herbert SH, Stafford PM et al (l 992) Should patients with post-resection locoregional recurrence of lung cancer receive aggressive therapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 24:25–30
Therasse P, Eisenhauer EA, Verweij J (2006) RECIST revisited: a review of validation studies on tumour assessment. Eur J Cancer 42:1031–1039
De Leyn P, Stroobants S, De Wever W et al (2006) Prospective comparative study of integrated positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan compared with remediastinoscopy in the assessment of residual mediastinal lymph node disease after induction chemotherapy for mediastinoscopy-proven stage IIIA-N2 Non-small-cell lung cancer: a Leuven Lung Cancer Group Study. J Clin Oncol 24:3333–3339
Eschmann SM, Friedel G, Paulsen F et al (2007) Repeat 18F-FDG PET for monitoring neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 55:165–171
Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Ojha B (2006) Restaging patients with N2 (stage IIIa) non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a prospective study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131:1229–1235
Pöttgen C, Levegrun S, Theegarten D et al (2006) Value of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography in non-small-cell lung cancer for prediction of pathologic response and times to relapse after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 12:97–106
Eschmann SM, Friedel G, Paulsen F et al (2007) 18F-FDG PET for assessment of therapy response and preoperative re-evaluation after neoadjuvant radio-chemotherapy in stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34:463–471
Ohtsuka T, Nomori H, Ebihara A et al (2006) FDG-PET imaging for lymph node staging and pathologic tumor response after neoadjuvant treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 12:89–94
Weber WA, Petersen V, Schmidt B et al (2003) Positron emission tomography in non-small-cell lung cancer: prediction of response to chemotherapy by quantitative assessment of glucose use. J Clin Oncol 21:2651–2657
Hoekstra CJ, Stroobants SG, Smit EF et al (2005) Prognostic relevance of response evaluation using [18]F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:8362–8370
Young H, Baum R, Cremerius U et al (1999) Measurement of clinical and subclinical tumour response using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography: review and 1999 EORTC recommendations. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) PET Study Group. Eur J Cancer 35:1773–1782
Shankar LK, Hoffman JM, Bacharach S et al (2006) Consensus recommendations for the use of 18F-FDG PET as an indicator of therapeutic response in patients in National Cancer Institute Trials. J Nucl Med 47:1059–1066
Wahl RL, Jacene H, Kasamon Y, Lodge MA (2009) From RECIST to PERCIST: evolving considerations for PET response criteria in solid tumors. J Nucl Med 50(Suppl l):S122–S150
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Erasmus, J.J. (2011). Staging, Restaging and Response Evaluation of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. In: Hodler, J., von Schulthess, G.K., Zollikofer, C.L. (eds) Diseases of the Heart and Chest, Including Breast 2011–2014. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1938-6_30
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1938-6_30
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-1937-9
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-1938-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)