Riassunto
Uno dei primi passi per capire il disturbo sociale, comportamentale o sanitario è quello di esaminarne la diffusione e — in termini di fattori socio-demografici chiave — le caratteristiche di chi ne è affetto. L’epidemiologia è quella branca della ricerca che cerca di determinare la diffusione di un disturbo e il numero di nuovi casi che emergono in un periodo di tempo (incidenza). A partire dal 1975, ci sono stati almeno quattro principali tentativi per stimare la diffusione del gioco d’azzardo e del gioco d’azzardo patologico negli Stati Uniti. Tre di questi, così come diversi studi locali, sono stati recentemente rivisti (Cunningham-Williams e Cottler 2001). Il primo studio nazionale sull’atteggiamento nei confronti del gioco d’azzardo, pubblicato prima che il DSM-III includesse il gioco d’azzardo patologico nella sua classificazione (American Psychiatric Association 1980), derivava dal risultato delle scoperte di una commissione presidenziale degli Stati Uniti, la Commission of the Review of the National Policy Toward Gambling (Kallick et al. 1979). Utilizzando il termine di gioco d’azzardo compulsivo, questo studio riportava stime di “gioco d’azzardo compulsivo potenziale” — nell’arco della vita — pari a 2,3%. Questo lavoro è risultato importante perché ha attratto l’attenzione della ricerca a livello nazionale per la prima volta in America e ha fornito stime, sempre a livello nazionale, per il gioco d’azzardo problematico. In aggiunta, ha mostrato come nonostante più di metà degli Americani riportasse di praticare annualmente qualche attività di gioco d’azzardo — incluse forme di scommessa a livello amicale, acquisto di biglietti della lotteria, sistemi vari di scommessa — livelli “pesanti” di scommessa fossero più spesso riportati da soggetti maschi, non bianchi e da persone con uno status socioeconomico alto (Kallick et al. 1979; Welte et al. 2002).
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Cunningham-Williams, R.M., Cottler, L.B., Womack, S.B. (2010). Epidemiologia. In: Clerici, M. (eds) Il gioco d’azzardo patologico. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1538-8_2
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