Skip to main content

Problema: invecchiamento maschile

  • Chapter
Andrologia clinica

Riassunto

Nessuna funzione fisiologica rimane inalterata dal processo di invecchiamento, che determina ineluttabilmente una diminuzione della capacità funzionale e dell’efficacia dei meccanismi regolatori omeostatici. Tutti i sistemi ormonali vengono colpiti in gradi diversi dal fenomeno dell’invecchiamento e l’asse gonadico dell’uomo non fa eccezione, anche se le modificazioni sono progressive e di ampiezza modesta, se confrontate con la riduzione relativamente improvvisa della produzione degli ormoni ovarici che caratterizza la menopausa nella donna.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliografia

  • Baker HWD, Burger HG, de Kretser DM, Hudson B (1977) Endocrinology of aging: pituitary testicular axis. In: James VHT (ed) Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Endocrinology, pp 179–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergendahl M, Aloi JA, Iranmanesh A, Mulligan TM, Veldhuis JD (1998) Fasting suppresses pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and enhances orderliness of LH release in young but not older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 1967–1975

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bremner WJ, Vitiello MV, Prinz PN (1983) Loss of circadian rhythmicity in blood testosterone levels with aging in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:1278–1281

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Couillard C, Gagnon J, Bergeron J, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Despres JP, Bouchard C (2000) Contribution of body fatness and adipose tissue distribution to the age variation in plasma steroid hormone concentrations in men: The HERITAGE family study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 1026–1031

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Culty M, Luo LD, Yao ZX, Chen HL, Papadopoulos V, Zirkin BR (2002) Cholesterol transport, peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, and steroidogenesis in aging Leydig cells. J Androl 23:439–447

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demoor P, Goossens JV (1970) An inverse correlation between body weight and the activity of the steroid binding globulin in human plasma. Steroidologia 1:129–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Deslypere JP, Vermeulen A (1981) Aging and tissue androgens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:430–434

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deslypere JP, Vermeulen A (1984) Leydig-cell function in normal men — effect of age, life-style, residence, diet, and activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59:955–962

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deslypere JP, Vermeulen A (1985) Influence of age on steroid concentrations in skin and striated muscle in women and in cardiac muscle and lung tissue in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:648–653

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deslypere JP, Sayed A, Punjabi U, Verdonck L, Vermeulen A (1982) Plasma 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol and urinary 5 alphaandrostane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol glucuronide, parameters of peripheral androgen action: a comparative study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54:386–391

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deslypere JP, Kaufman JM, Vermeulen T, Vogelaers D, Vandalem JL, Vermeulen A (1987) Influence of age on pulsatile luteinizing-hormone release and responsiveness of the gonadotrophs to sex-hormone feedback in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:68–73

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diver MJ, Imtiaz KE, Ahmad AM, Vora JP, Fraser WD (2003) Diurnal rhythms of serum total, free and bioavailable testosterone and of SHBG in middle-aged men compared with those in young men. Clin Endocrinol 58:710–717

    Google Scholar 

  • Endoh H, Kristiansen SB, Casson PR, Buster JE, Hornsby PJ (1966) The zona reticularis is the site of biosynthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in the adult human adrenal cortex resulting from its low expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3558–3565

    Google Scholar 

  • Erfurth EMT, Hagmar LE, Saaf M, Hall K (1996) Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 correlate with serum free testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin levels in healthy young and middle-aged men. Clin Endocrinol 44:659–664

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman HA, Longcope C, Derby CA, Johannes CB, Araujo AB, Coviello AD, Bremner WJ, Mckinlay JB (2002) Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:589–598

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrini RL, Barrett-Connor E (1998) Sex hormones and age: a cross-sectional study of testosterone and estradiol and their bioavailable fractions in community-dwelling men. Am J Epidemiol 147:750–754

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giagulli VA, Kaufman JM, Vermeulen A (1994) Pathogenesis of the decreased androgen levels in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:997–1000

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giusti G, Gonnelli P, Borrelli D, Fiorelli G, Forti G, Pazzagli M, Serio M (1975) Age-related secretion of androstenedione, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone by human testis. Exp Geront 10:241–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray A, Feldman HA, Mckinlay JB, Longcope C (1991) Age, disease, and changing sex-hormone levels in middle-aged men — results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1016–1025

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin JE, Wilson JD (1980) The testis. In: Bondy PK, Rosenberg LE (eds) Metabolic control and disease. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1535–1538

    Google Scholar 

  • Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Stern MP, Katz MS (1993) Obesity, body-fat distribution and sex-hormones in men. Int J Obesity 17:643–649

    Google Scholar 

  • Harbitz TB (1973) Morphometric studies of Leydig cells in elderly men with special reference to the histology of the prostate. An analysis in an autopsy series. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A 81:301–314

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harman SM, Tsitouras PD (1980) Reproductive hormones in aging men. 1. Measurement of sex steroids, basal luteinizing-hormone, and Leydig-cell response to human chorionic-gonadotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:35–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, Pearson J, Blackman MR (2001) Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:724–731

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hemsell DI, Grodin JM, Brenner P, Siiteri PK, McDonald PC (1974) Plasma precursors of estrogens. Correlation of the extent of conversion of plasma androstenedione to estrone with age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34:476–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander N, Hollander VP (1958) The microdetermination of testosterone in human spermatic vein blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 19:966–997

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson L, Zane RS, Petty CS, Neaves WB (1984) Quantification of the human Sertoli-cell population — its distribution, relation to germ-cell numbers, and age-related decline. Reprod Biol 31:785–795

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman JM, Vermeulen A (1997) Declining gonadal function in elderly men. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 11:289–309

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman JM, T’Sjoen G, Vermeulen A (2004) Androgens in male senescence. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM (eds) Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 497–541

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman JM, Giri M, Deslypere JM, Thomas G, Vermeulen A (1991) Influence of age on the responsiveness of the gonadotrophs to luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone in males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:1255–1260

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kent JZ, Acone AB (1966) Plasma androgens and aging. In: Vermeulen A, Exley D (eds) Androgens in normal and pathological conditions. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, pp 31–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Labrie F, Belanger A, Cusan L, Candas B (2003) Physiological changes in dehydroepiandrosterone are not reflected by serum levels of active androgens and estrogens but of their metabolites: intracrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 2403–2409

    Google Scholar 

  • Leder BZ, Rohrer JL, Rubin SD, Gallo J, Longcope C (2004) Effects of aromatase inhibition in elderly men with low or borderline-low serum testosterone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1174–1180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Longcope C (1973) Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on plasma steroid levels in young and old men. Steroids 21: 583–590

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luboshitzky R, Shen-Orr Z, Herer P (2003) Middle-aged men secrete less testosterone at night than young healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3160–3166

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud AM, Goemaere S, De Bacquer D, Comhaire FH, Kaufman JM (2000) Serum inhibin B levels in community-dwelling elderly men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 53:141–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud AM, Goemaere S, El-Garem Y, Van Pottelbergh I, Comhaire FH, Kaufman JM (2003) Testicular volume in relation to hormonal indices of gonadal function in community-dwelling elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 179–184

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikuma N, Kumamoto Y, Maruta H, Nitta T (1994) Role of the hypothalamic opioidergic system in the control of gonadotropin secretion in elderly men. Andrologia 26:39–45

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Perry HM, Patrick P, Morley PMK, Stauber PM, Vellas B, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ (1997) Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metab Clin Exp 46:410–413

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan T, Iranmanesh A, Johnson ML, Straume M, Veldhuis JD (1997) Aging alters feed-forward and feedback linkages between LH and testosterone in healthy men. Am J Physiol 42:R–407–R1413

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan T, Iranmanesh A, Kerzner R, Demers LW, Veldhuis JD (1999) Two-week pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone infusion unmasks dual (hypothalamic and Leydig cell) defects in the healthy aging male gonadotropic axis. Eur J Endocrinol 141:257–266

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan T, Iranmanesh A, Veldhuis JD (2001) Pulsatile iv infusion of recombinant human LH in leuprolide-suppressed men unmasks impoverished Leydig-cell secretory responsiveness to mid physiological LH drive in the aging male. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5547–5553

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nankin HR, Lin T, Murono EP, Osterman J (1981) The aging Leydig cell. 3. Gonadotropin stimulation in men. J Androl 2:181–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Neaves WB, Johnson L, Porter JC, Parker CR, Petty CS (1984) Leydig cell numbers, daily sperm production, and serum gonadotropin-levels in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59:756–763

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E, Lammers U, Freischem CW, Langer K, Wickings EJ (1982) Reproductive functions in young fathers and grandfathers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:676–681

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker L, Gral T, Perrigo V, Skowksy R (1981) Decreased adrenal androgen sensitivity to ACTH during aging. Metabolism 30:601–604

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeilschifter J, Scheidt-Nave C, Leidig-Bruckner G, Woitge HW, Blum WF, Wuster C, Haack D, Ziegler R (1996) Relationship between circulating insulin-like growth factor components and sex hormones in a population-based sample of 50-to 80-year-old men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2534–2540

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus SM, Veldhuis JD, Mulligan T, Iranmanesh A, Evans WS (1997) Effects of age on the irregularity of LH and FSH serum concentrations in women and men. Am J Physiol 273:E989–E995

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plant M (1986) Gonadal regulation of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release in primates. Endocr Rev 7:75–88

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plymate SR, Tenover JS, Bremner WJ (1989) Circadian variation in testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and calculated non-sex hormone-binding globulin bound testosterone in healthy-young and elderly men. J Androl 10:366–371

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resko JA, Eik-Nes KA (1966) Diurnal testosterone levels in peripheral plasma of human male subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 26:573–576

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolf C, Behre M, Nieschlag E (1996) Reproductive parameters of older compared to younger men of infertile couples. Int J Androl 19:135–142

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubens R, Dhont M, Vermeulen A (1974) Further studies on Leydig cell function in old age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:40–45

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell DW, Wilson JD (1994) Steroid 5 alpha-reductase: two genes/ two enzymes. Annu Rev Biochem 63:25–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon D, Preziosi P, Barrettconnor E, Roger M, Saintpaul M, Nahoul K, Papoz L (1992) The influence of aging on plasma sex-hormones in men-the Telecom study. Am J Epidemiol 135:783–791

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow D, Bosse R, Rowe JW (1980) The influence of age, alcohol consumption, and body build on gonadal function in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:508–512

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suoranta H (1971) Changes in the small vessels of the adult testes in relation to age and to some pathological conditions. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat 352:765–781

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenover JS, Matsumoto AM, Plymate SR, Bremner WJ (1987) The effects of aging in normal men on bioavailable testosterone and luteinizing hormone secretion: response to clomiphene citrate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:1118–1126

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tenover JS, Matsumoto AM, Clifton DK, Bremner WJ (1988) Age related alterations in the circadian rhythms of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in healthy men. J Gerontol 43:M163–M169

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsitouras PD, Bulat T (1995) The aging male reproductive system. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 24:297–315

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urban RJ, Veldhuis JD, Blizzard RM, Dufau ML (1988) Attenuated release of biologically active luteinizing hormone in healthy aging men. J Clin Invest 81:1020–1029

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Saffele JK, Goemaere S, De Bacquer D, Kaufman JM (1999) Serum leptin levels in healthy ageing men: are decreased serum testosterone and increased adiposity in elderly men the consequence of leptin deficiency? Clin Endocrinol 51:81–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Veldhuis JD, Urban RJ, Lizarralde G, Johnson ML, Iranmanesh A (1992) Attenuation of luteinizing hormone secretory burst amplitude as a proximate basis for the hypoandrogenism of healthy aging in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:707–713

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Godschalk M, Mulligan T (2000). Older men manifest multifold synchrony disruption of reproductive neurohormone outflow. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1477–1486

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A, Deslypere JP (1986) Intratesticular unconjugated steroids in elderly men. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 24:1079–1083

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A, Giagulli VA (1991) Physiopathology of plasma androstanediol-glucuronide. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 39:829–833

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A (2001) Androgen replacement therapy in the aging male — a critical evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:2380–2390

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A (1995) Dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate and aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 774:121–127

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A, Verdonck L, Rubens R (1972) Testosterone secretion and metabolism in male senescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34:730

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A, Deslypere JP, Schelfhout W, Verdonck L, Rubens R (1982) Adrenocortical function in old age: response to acute adrenocorticotropin stimulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54:187–191

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A, Deslypere JP, Kaufman JM (1989) Influence of antiopioids on luteinizing hormone pulsatility in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:68–72

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM, Giagulli VA (1996) Influence of some biological indexes on sex hormone-binding globulin and androgen levels in aging or obese males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:1821–1826

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM (2002) Diagnosis of hypogonadism in the aging male. Aging Male 5:170–176

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM, Goemaere S, Van Pottelbergh I (2003) Estradiol in elderly men. Aging Male 5:98–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Winters SJ, Atkinson L (1997) Serum LH concentrations in hypogonadal men during transdermal testosterone replacement through scrotal skin: further evidence that ageing enhances testosterone negative feedback. Clin Endocrinol 47:317–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Winters SJ, Sherins RJ, Troen P (1984) The Gonadotropin-suppressive activity of androgen is increased in elderly men. Metab Clin Exp 33:1052–1059

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaji T, Ibayashi H (1969) Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in normal and pathological conditions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29:273–278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zirkin BR, Chen HL (2000) Regulation of Leydig cell steroidogenic function during aging. Biol Reprod 63:977–981

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zmuda JM, Cauley JA, Kriska A, Glynn NW, Gutai JP, Kuller LH (1997) Longitudinal relation between endogenous testosterone and cardiovascular disease risk factors in middle-aged men — A 13-year followup of former Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial participants. Am J Epidemiol 146:609–617

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bibliografia

  • Baird DM, Kipling D (2004) The extent and significance of telomere loss with age. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1019:265–268

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker SG, Kramer BS, Prorok PC (2004) Development tracks for cancer prevention markers. Dis Markers 20:97–102

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruunsgaard H (2002) Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in elderly populations. Eur Cytokine Netw 13:389–391

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhaene K, Van Marck E, Parwaresch R (2000) Telomeres, telomerase and cancer: an up-date. Virchows Arch 437:1–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson LR, Philpott M, Karunasinghe N (2004) Dietary cancer and prevention using antimutagens. Toxicology 198:147–159

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ji LL (2001) Exercise at old age: does it increase or alleviate oxidative stress? Ann N Y Acad Sci 928:236–247

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawanishi S, Oikawa S (2004) Mechanism of telomere shortening by oxidative stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1019:278–284

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly K, Alencar H, Funovics M, Mahmood U, Weissleder R (2004) Detection of invasive colon cancer using a novel, targeted, libraryderived fluorescent peptide. Cancer Res 64:6247–6251

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight JA (2000) The biochemistry of aging. Adv Clin Chem 35:1–62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, Jones RD, Kapoor D, Channer KS, Jones TH (2004) The effect of testosterone replacement on endogenous inflammatory cytokines and lipid profiles in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3313–3318

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martens UM, Chavez EA, Poon SS, Schmoor C, Lansdorp PM (2000) Accumulation of short telomeres in human fibroblasts prior to replicative senescence. Exp Cell Res 256:291–299

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarty MF (2004) Optimizing endothelial nitric oxide activity may slow endothelial aging. Med Hypotheses 63:719–723

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montani JP, Antic V, Yang Z, Dulloo A (2002) Pathways from obesity to hypertension: from the perspective of a vicious triangle. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26 [Suppl 2]: S28–S38

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morin GB (1997) Telomere control of replicative lifespan. Exp Gerontol 32:375–382

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulshine JL (1999) Reducing lung cancer risk: early detection. Chest 116:493S–496S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel NV, Finch CE (2002) The glucocorticoid paradox of caloric restriction in slowing brain aging. Neurobiol Aging 23:707–717

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava S, Verma M, Henson DE (2001) Biomarkers for early detection of colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7:1118–1126

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart SA, Ben Porath I, Carey VJ, Weinberg RA (2003) Erosion of the telomeric single-strand overhang at replicative senescence. Nat Genet 33:492–496

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Troyer DA, Mubiru J, Leach RJ, Naylor SL (2004) Promise and challenge: Markers of prostate cancer detection, diagnosis and prognosis. Dis Markers 20:117–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Von Zglinicki T (2000) Role of oxidative stress in telomere length regulation and replicative senescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 908:99–110

    Google Scholar 

Bibliografia

  • Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H, Girolamo G, Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, Haro JM, Katz SJ, Kessler RC, Kovess V, Lepine JP, Ormel J, Polidori G, Russo LJ, Vilagut G, Almansa J, Arbabzadeh-Bouchez S, Autonell J, Bernal M, Buist-Bouwman MA, Codony M, Domingo-Salvany A, Ferrer M, Joo SS, Martinez-Alonso M, Matschinger H, Mazzi F, Morgan Z, Morosini P, Palacin C, Romera B, Taub N, Vollebergh WA (2004) Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 21–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Beutel ME, Wiltink J, Schwarz R, Weidner W, Brähler E (2002) Complaints of the ageing male based on a representative community study. Eur Urol 41:85–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjorntorp P (1988) Abdominal obesity and the development of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev 4:615–622

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanker MH, Driessen LF, Bosch JL, Bohnen AM, Thomas S, Prins A, Bernsen RM, Groeneveld FP (2002) Health status and its correlates among Dutch community-dwelling older men with and without lower urogenital tract dysfunction. Eur Urol 41:602–607

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer D, Hughes DC, George LK (1987) The epidemiology of depression in an elderly community population. Gerontologist 27:281–287

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt B, Hermann S, Straif K, Tidow N, Buerger H, Chang Claude J (2004) Modification of breast cancer risk in young women by a polymorphic sequence in the egfr gene. Cancer Res 64:7–12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braun M, Wassmer G, Klotz T, Reifenrath B, Mathers M, Engelmann U (2000) Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction: results of the’ Cologne Male Survey’. Int J Impot Res 12:305–311

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryer JB, Starkstein SE, Votypka V, Parikh RM, Price TR, Robinson RG (1992) Reduction of CSF monoamine metabolites in poststroke depression: a preliminary report. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 4:440–442

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell IA, Douglas JG, Francis RM, Prescott RJ, Reid DM (2004) Five year study of etidronate and/or calcium as prevention and treatment for osteoporosis and fractures in patients with asthma receiving long term oral and/or inhaled glucocorticoids. Thorax 59:761–768

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comhaire F, Mahmoud A (2004) Preventing diseases of the prostate in the elderly using hormones and nutriceuticals. Aging Male 7:155–169

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Boer BJ, Bots ML, Nijeholt AA, Moors JP, Pieters HM, Verheij TJ (2004) Erectile dysfunction in primary care: prevalence and patient characteristics. The ENIGMA study. Int J Impot Res 16:358–364

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de la Rosette JJ, Floratos DL, Severens JL, Kiemeney LA, Debruyne FM, Pilar LM (2003) Transurethral resection vs microwave thermotherapy of the prostate: a cost-consequences analysis. BJU Int 92:713–718

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond TH (2005) Pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis in men. Expert Opin Pharmacother 6:45–58

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, Krane RJ, McKinlay JB (1994) Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 151:54–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fugl-Meyer AR, Lodnert G, Branholm IB, Fugl-Meyer KS (1997) On life satisfaction in male erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 9:141–148

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia MJ, McNamara PM, Gordon T, Kannel WB (1974) Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population. Sixteen year follow-up study. Diabetes 23:105–111

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisel J, Hennen B, Hubner U, Knapp JP, Herrmann W (2003) The impact of hyperhomocysteinemia as a cardiovascular risk factor in the prediction of coronary heart disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 41:1513–1517

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreave TB, Meuleman EJ, Weidner W (2004) Hormonal replacement therapy for aging men? The debate goes on. Eur Urol 46:155–161

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzichristou DG, Apostolidis A, Tzortzis V, Ioannides E, Yannakoyorgos K, Kalinderis A (2000) Sildenafil versus intracavernous injection therapy: efficacy and preference in patients on intracavernous injection for more than 1 year. J Urol 164:1197–1200 Heartstats: www.heartstats.org

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs SL, Schroeder SA (2004) Class — the ignored determinant of the nation’s health. N Engl J Med 351:1137–1142

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jessup M, Brozena S (2003) Medical progress. Heart failure. N Engl J Med 348:2007–2018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346:393–403

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristenson M, Kucinskiene Z, Bergdahl B, Calkauskas H, Urmonas V, Orth-Gomer K (1998) Increased psychosocial strain in Lithuanian versus Swedish men: the LiVicordia study. Psychosom Med 60:277–282

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lantz PM, House JS, Lepkowski JM, Williams DR, Mero RP, Chen J (1998) Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults. JAMA 279:1703–1708

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lepor H, Williford WO, Barry MJ, Brawer MK, Dixon CM, Gormley G, Haakenson C, Machi M, Narayan P, Padley RJ (1996) The efficacy of terazosin, finasteride, or both in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Study Group. N Engl J Med 335:533–539

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell JD, Bruskewitz R, Walsh P, Andriole G, Lieber M, Holtgrewe HL, Albertsen P, Roehrborn CG, Nickel JC, Wang DZ, Taylor AM, Waldstreicher J (1998) The effect of finasteride on the risk of acute urinary retention and the need for surgical treatment among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Finasteride Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Study Group. N Engl J Med 338:557–563

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell JD, Roehrborn CG, Bautista OM, Andriole GL, Jr., Dixon CM, Kusek JW, Lepor H, McVary KT, Nyberg LM, Jr., Clarke HS, Crawford ED, Diokno A, Foley JP, Foster HE, Jacobs SC, Kaplan SA, Kreder KJ, Lieber MM, Lucia MS, Miller GJ, Menon M, Milam DF, Ramsdell JW, Schenkman NS, Slawin KM, Smith JA (2003) The longterm effect of doxazosin, finasteride, and combination therapy on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 349:2387–2398

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLean RR, Jacques PF, Selhub J, Tucker KL, Samelson EJ, Broe KE, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP (2004) Homocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in older persons. N Engl J Med 350:2042–2049

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meryn S (2005) Undertreatment of osteoporosis in men. Arch Intern Med 165:241

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meuleman EJ (2002) Prevalence of erectile dysfunction: need for treatment? Int J Impot Res 14 (Suppl) 1:S22–S28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meuleman EJ, Donkers LH, Robertson C, Keech M, Boyle P, Kiemeney LA (2001) [Erectile dysfunction: prevalence and effect on the quality of life; Boxmeer study]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 145:576–581

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NCEP Expert Panel (2001) Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285:2486–2497

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope HG Jr, Cohane GH, Kanayama G, Siegel AJ, Hudson JI (2003) Testosterone gel supplementation for men with refractory depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 160:105–111

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prins J, Blanker MH, Bohnen AM, Thomas S, Bosch JL (2002) Prevalence of erectile dysfunction: a systematic review of population-based studies. Int J Impot Res 14:422–432

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp SR, Parisi SA, Walsh DA, Wallace CE (1988) Detecting depression in elderly medical inpatients. J Consult Clin Psychol 56:509–513

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reaven GM (1988) Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:1595–1607

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N (2001) Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA 285:2481–2485

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ried LD, Planas LG (2002) Aging, health, and depressive symptoms: are women and men different? J Womens Health (Larchmt) 11:813–824

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen R, Altwein J, Boyle P, Kirby RS, Lukacs B, Meuleman E, O’Leary MP, Puppo P, Robertson C, Giuliano F (2003) Lower urinary tract symptoms and male sexual dysfunction: the multinational survey of the aging male (MSAM-7). Eur Urol 44:637–649

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seftel AD (2003) Erectile dysfunction in the elderly: epidemiology, etiology and approaches to treatment. J Urol 169: 1999–2007

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahinian VB, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, Goodwin JS (2005) Risk of fracture after androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 352:154–164

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon GE, Von Korff M, Piccinelli M, Fullerton C, Ormel J (1999) An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression. N Engl J Med 341:1329–1335

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonke GS, Kolman D, de la Rosette JJ, Donkers LH, Boyle P, Kiemeney LA (2000) [Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in men and its influence on their quality of life: Boxmeer Study]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 144:2558–2563

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stolk EA, Busschbach JJ (2003) Are patients and the general public likeminded about the effect of erectile dysfunction on quality of life? Urology 61:810–815

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T’sjoen G, Feyen E, De Kuyper P, Comhaire F, Kaufman JM (2003) Selfreferred patients in an aging male clinic: much more than androgen deficiency alone. Aging Male 6:157–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan RS, Philip PS (1999) Perceptions of and risk factors for andropause. Arch Androl 43:97–103

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Meurs JB, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Pluijm SM, van der KM, de Jonge R, Lindemans J, de Groot LC, Hofman A, Witteman JC, van Leeuwen JP, Breteler MM, Lips P, Pols HA, Uitterlinden AG (2004) Homocysteine levels and the risk of osteoporotic fracture. N Engl J Med 350:2033–2041

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Pottelbergh I, Goemaere S, Zmierczak H, Kaufman JM (2004) Perturbed sex steroid status in men with idiopathic osteoporosis and their sons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 4949–4953

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM, Giagulli VA (1996) Influence of some biological indexes on sex hormone-binding globulin and androgen levels in aging or obese males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:1821–1826

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M (2005) Overweight and obesity and weight change in middle aged men: impact on cardiovascular disease and diabetes. J Epidemiol Community Health 59:134–139

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weidner G, Cain VS (2003) The gender gap in heart disease: lessons from Eastern Europe. Am J Public Health 93:768–770

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welch G, Weinger K, Barry MJ (2002) Quality-of-life impact of lower urinary tract symptom severity: results from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Urology 59:245–250

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winkleby MA, Jatulis DE, Frank E, Fortmann SP (1992) Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Public Health 82:816–820

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zamaria N (2004) Alteration of polyunsaturated fatty acid status and metabolism in health and disease. Reprod Nutr Dev 44:273–282

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zandi PP, Anthony JC, Khachaturian AS, Stone SV, Gustafson D, Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Breitner JC (2004) Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: the Cache County Study. Arch Neurol 61:82–88

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kaufman, J.M., Comhaire, F., Mahmoud, A., Meuleman, E.J.H. (2010). Problema: invecchiamento maschile. In: Schill, WB., Comhaire, F., Hargreave, T.B., Lenzi, A., Isidori, A.M. (eds) Andrologia clinica. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1487-9_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1487-9_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-1486-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-1487-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics