Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Etiology

  • Chapter
Crohn’s Disease

Part of the book series: Updates in Surgery ((UPDATESSURG))

  • 2439 Accesses

Abstract

Although the etiology of Crohn’s disease (CD) remains largely unexplained, there have been major advances in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying intestinal inflammation. There is general agreement with regard to the multifactorial character of the disease, in which a genetic predisposition, the external environment, intestinal microbial flora, and the immune system are all involved. Together, they result in the generation and maintenance of the chronic intestinal inflammatory reaction [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Xavier RJ, Podolsky DK (2007) Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 448:427–433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Cohen ML (2000) Changing patterns of infectious disease Nature 406:762–767

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gent AE, Hellier MD, Grace RH et al (1994) Inflammatory bowel disease and domestic hygiene in infancy. Lancet 343:766–767

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bach JF (2002) The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic disease. N Engl J Med 347:911–920

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Danese S, Fiocchi C (2006) Etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 12(30):4807–4812

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mahid SS, Minor KS, Stromberg AJ, Galandiuk S (2007) Active and passive smoking in childhood is related to the development of inflammatory disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 13:431–438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lindberg E, Jarnerot G, Huitfeldt B (1992) Smoking in Crohn’s disease: effect on localization and clinical course. Gut 33:779–782

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Russel M, Volovics A, Schoon E et al (1988) Inflammatory bowel disease: is there any relationship between smoking status and disease presentation? European Collaborative IBD Study Group. Inflammatory Bowel Dis 4:182–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cottone M, Rosselli M, Orlando A et al (1994) Smoking habits and recurrence in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 106:643–648

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Jones DT, Osterman MT, Bewtra M, Lewis JD (2008) Passive smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 103(9):2382–2393

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. King TE Jr, Savici D, Campbell PA (1988) Phagocytosis and killing of Listeria monocytogenes by alveolar macrophages: smokers versus nonsmokers. J Infect Dis 158:1309–1316

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Green JT, Richardson C, Marshall RW et al (2000) Nitric oxide mediates a therapeutic effect of nicotine in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14:1429–1434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Suenaert P, Bulteel V, Den Hond E et al (2000) The effects of smoking and indomethacin on small intestinal permeability. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14:819–822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Danese S (2007) Inflammation and the mucosal microcirculation in inflammatory bowel disease: the ebb and flow. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 23:384–389

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hatoum OA, Binion DG, Otterson MF et al (2003) Acquired microvascular dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease: loss of nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation. Gastroenterology 125:58–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Timmer A, Sutherland LR, Martin F (1998) Oral contraceptive use and smoking are risk factors for relapse in Crohn’s disease. The Canadian Mesalamine for Remission of Crohn’s Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology 114:1143–1150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Wakefield AJ, Sawyerr AM, Hudson M et al (1991) Smoking, the oral contraceptive pill, and Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 36:1147–1150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Corrao G, Tragnone A, Caprilli R et al (1998) Risk of inflammatory bowel disease attributable to smoking, oral contraception and breastfeeding in Italy: a nationwide case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 27:397–404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR et al (2002) Long-term relation between breastfeeding and development of atopy and asthma in children and young adults: a longitudinal study. Lancet 360:901–907

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kucharzik T, Maaser C, Lugering A et al (2006) Recent understanding of IBD pathogenesis: implications for future therapies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 12:1068–1083

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Baumgart DC, Carding SR (2007) Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology. Lancet 369:1627–1640

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nenci A, Becker C, Wullaert A (2007) Epithelial NEMO links innate immunity to chronic intestinal inflammation. Nature 446:557–561

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wehkamp J, Salzman NH, Porter E (2005) Reduced Paneth cell α-defensins in ileal Crohn’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102:18129–18134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. McVay LD, Keilbaugh SA, Wong TM (2006) Absence of bacterially induced RELMβ reduces injury in the dextran sodium sulphate model of colitis. J Clin Invest 116:2914–2923

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Van der Sluis M, De Koning BA, De Bruijn AC (2006) Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis, indicating that MUC2 is critical for colonic protection. Gastroenterology 131:117–129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cobrin GM, Abreu MT (2005) Defects of mucosal immunity leading to Crohn’s disease. Immunol Rev 206:277–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Targan SR, Karp LC (2005) Defects of mucosal immunity leading to ulcerative colitis. Immunol Rev 206:296–305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cho JH (2008) The genetics and immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature Rev Immunol 8:458–465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hedl M, Li J, Cho JH, Abraham C (2007) Chronic stimulation of Nod2 mediates tolerance to bacterial products. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:19440–19445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rioux JD, Xavier RJ, Taylor KD (2007) Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis. Nat Genet 39:596–604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Weaver CT, Hatton RD, Mangan PR, Harrington LE (2007) IL-17 family cytokines and the expanding diversity of effector T cell lineages. Annu Rev Immunol 25:851–852

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Jiang H, Chess L (2004) An integrated view of suppressor T cell subsets in immunoregulation. J Clin Invest 114:1198–1208

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Himmel ME, Hardenberg G, Piccirillo CA et al (2008) The role of T-regulatory cells and Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease. Immunology 125:145–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Steinman L (2007) A brief history of Th17, the first major revision in the Th1/Th2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med 13:139–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Annunziato F, Cosmi L, Santarlasci V et al (2007) Phenotypic and functional features of human Th17 cells. J Exp Med 204:1849–1861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Fuss IJ, Becker C, Yang Z (2006) Both IL-12p70 and IL-23 are synthesized during active Crohn’s disease and are down-regulated by treatment with anti-IL-12 p40 monoclonal antibody. Inflamm Bowel Dis 12:9–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sartor RE (2004) Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel disease: role in pathogenesis and clinical implications. In: Sartor RB and Sandborn WJ (eds) Kirsner’s inflammatory bowel diseases. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 138–162

    Google Scholar 

  38. Moran JP et al (2006) Bifidobacterium animalis causes mild inflammatory bowel disease in interleukin-10 knockout mice [abstract]. Gastroenterology 130:A6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Sartor RB (2004) Therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microflora in inflammatory bowel diseases: antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics. Gastroenterology 26:1620–1633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Sartor RB (2005) Does Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis cause Crohn’s disease? Gut 54:896–898

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Shafran I, Kugler L, El-Zaatari FA et al (2002) Open clinical trial of rifabutin and clarithromycin therapy in Crohn’s disease. Dig Liver Dis 34:22–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Swidsinski, Ladhoff A, Pernthaler A et al (2002) Mucosal flora in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 122:44–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Liu Y, Liu Y, van Kruiningen HJ, West AB et al (1995) Immunocytochemical evidence of Listeria, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus antigens in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 108:1396–1404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hisamatsu T, Suzuki M, Reinecker HC et al (2003) CARD15/NOD2 functions as an anti-bacterial factor in human intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 124:993–1000

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Loftus EV Jr (2004) Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology 126:1504–1517

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gastroenterology Unit, San Camillo-Forlamini Hospital, Rome, Italy

    Marzia Marrollo, Alessandro Armuzzi & Fabio Zannoni

Authors
  1. Marzia Marrollo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alessandro Armuzzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fabio Zannoni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy

    Roberto Tersigni (Chief and Chairman) (Chief and Chairman)

  2. Gastroenterology Unit, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy

    Cosimo Prantera (Professor Emeritus) (Professor Emeritus)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Marrollo, M., Armuzzi, A., Zannoni, F. (2010). Etiology. In: Tersigni, R., Prantera, C. (eds) Crohn’s Disease. Updates in Surgery. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1472-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1472-5_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-1471-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-1472-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation