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Grande sistema limbico

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Il sistema nervoso centrale

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Riassunto

Nell’uomo, la maggior parte della superficie mediale degli emisferi cerebrali è occupata dalla neocortex notevolmente espansa. Comunque, su questo lato dell’encefalo, sono presenti anche numerose strutture che non sono neocorticali. Due di queste, il sistema olfattorio centrale e il setto, occupano una posizione superficiale, mentre altre due, il complesso amigdaloideo e la formazione ippocampale, sono per la maggior parte nascoste nella struttura degli emisferi. A seguito del cospicuo sviluppo della neocortex e della relativa espansione del lobo temporale, i principali sistemi efferenti del complesso amigdaloideo e della formazione dell’ippocampo risultano espansi in lunghi fasci arciformi che, rispettivamente, costituiscono la stria terminalis e il fornice (Figg. 23.1–23.4). Il setto, l’amigdala, la formazione ippocampale e i loro fasci efferenti costituiscono, nell’insieme, la zona più mediale dell’emisfero a forma di anello (Figg. 23.3, 23.5). Questa zona è per gran parte circoscritta da una seconda zona che, nei primati, comprende due circonvoluzioni, il giro cingolato e il giro paraippocampale (Figg. 23.1, 23.3, 23.5). Nel 1878, Broca [17] denominò questi due giri, nell’insieme, come le grand lobe limbique (‘il grande lobo limbico’). Egli fece notare di aver coniato questo termine allo scopo di definire una struttura anatomica e non un’unità funzionale. Durante gli ultimi due decenni del diciannovesimo e i primi due decenni del ventesimo secolo, in generale, è stato ritenuto che la maggior parte delle strutture comprese nel lobo limbico di Broca, se non tutte, è dominata dalle proiezioni olfattorie e, pertanto, costituisce parte del rinencefalo.

Sintesi del complesso limbicoipotalamico. Suddivisione dell’area in unità centrali e anelli. H, ipotalamo; LMA, arealimbica mesencefalica; PO), regione preottica; S, setto; anello (limbico) interne in rosso scuro; anello (paralimbico) esterno in rosso chiaro

Le principali vie del sistema limbico e del rinencefalo

La struttura dei sistemi limbico e olfattorio e alcune vie afferenti-efferenti come visibili in proiezione mediale (3/2 ×). Un certo spostamento delle strutture serve per rendere visibili altre strutture. I,e pareti del terzo ventricolo e il tronco encefalico sono stati quasi completamente omessi; del talamo sono raffigurati solo i nuclei anteriore, mediodorsale e abenulari

La parte centrale dell’area limbica; proiezione mediale dei nuclei e dei tratti (5/2 ×)

Proiezione mediale dell’eneefalo umano. Sono schematicamente indicate le posizioni di giro cingolato (G CINGULI), giro paraippocampale (GPH), setto (S), fornice + stria terminalis (f+st), ipotalamo (Hy), ippocampo (H), amigdala (A), core + paracore laterale (C+LPC) e paracore mediano (MPC)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Rudolf Nieuwenhuys M.D., PH.D. (Professor emeritus of Neuroanatomy)

  2. Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Jan Voogd M.D., PH.D. (Professor emeritus of Anatomy)

  3. Laboratorio di Morfologia delle Reti Neuronali Responsabile Servizio Imaging - Centro Grandi Attrezzature Dipartimento di Medicina Pubblica Clinica e Preventiva, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli

    Michele Papa

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  1. Rudolf Nieuwenhuys M.D., PH.D.
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  2. Jan Voogd M.D., PH.D.
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  3. Christiaan van Huijzen F.M.A.A.
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  4. Michele Papa
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Nieuwenhuys, R., Voogd, J., van Huijzen, C., Papa, M. (2010). Grande sistema limbico. In: Il sistema nervoso centrale. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1140-3_23

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