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Il sistema nervoso centrale pp 751–806Cite as

Sistema visivo

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Riassunto

Il sistema visivo risulta costituito da un certo numero di vie parallele, ciascuna interessata a una specifica funzione. L’elaborazione parallela dell’informazione visiva è presente già a livello della retina (Figg. 19.1, 19.2). La struttura e la funzione della retina sono state ampiamente analizzate [54, 114, 155, 188, 189, 309].

La retina dei primati e le sue connessioni con il corpo genicolato laterale, i nuclei del sistema ottico accessorio e il nucleo soprachiasmatico. A Strati. LCR, strato dei coni e dei bastoncelli; OLM, membrana limitante esterna; ONL, strato nucleate esterno; OPL, strato plessiforme esterno; INL, strato nucleare interno; OFF, sottostrato OFF dello strato plessiforme interno; ON, sottostrato ON dello strato plessiforme interno; GCL, strato delle cellule gangliari; LON, strato delle fibre del nervo ottico; ILM, membrana limitante interna. B Vie delle cellule gangliari nane e multipolari. I coni per le lunghezze d’onda lunga (coni L, sensibili al rosso, raffigurati in rosso) e i coni per le lunghezze d’onda medie (coni M, sensibili al verde, raffigurati in nero) hanno ciascuno una propria linea privata con gli strati parvocellulari del corpo genicolato laterale (raffigurato in nero). Ciascun cono è connesso, attraverso una cellula bipolare (piatta) OFF (6) e una bipolare (invaginante) ON (8), rispettivamente, con una cellula gangliare nana ON (7) e una cellula gangliare nana OFF (9). Le cellule bipolari diffuse ON (10) e le cellule bipolari diffuse OFF (12) ricevono informazioni da coni organizzati in maniera casuale e sono connesse, rispettivamente, con le cellule gangliari multipolari ON e OFF (11, 13). Le cellule multipolari proiettano agli strati magnocellulari del corpo genicolato laterale. Riquadro (1): la triade sinaptica tra un pedicello di un cono (2) e i dendriti basali piatti delle cellule bipolari OFF (3), i dendriti delle cellule orizzontali (cell oriz) (4), e il dendrite invaginante di una cellula bipolare ON (5). C Sistema dei coni per il blu. I coni per le lunghezze d’onda corte (cono S, sensibile al blu, raffigurato in grigio) sono connessi alle cellule gangliari bistratificate (14), che proiettano agli strati interlaminari (koniocellulari) del corpo genicolato laterale. Le cellule bipolari ON del cono S (15) si collegano ai dendriti delle cellule gangliari nello strato ON dello strato plessiforme interno. I coni L e M, responsabili per la sensibilità al giallo, sono connessi con le cellule bipolari diffuse (12) dello strato OFF. D Vie dei bastoncelli. Le bipolari dei bastoncelli (17) collegano numerosi bastoncelli con le cellule amacrine del tipo AII (18). Queste cellule amacrine stabiliscono gap junctions (16) con l’assone di cellule bipolari ON dei coni (8) e sinapsi inibitorie convenzionali (19) con cellule bipolari OFF dei coni (9). Il segnale dei bastoncelli, pertanto, è trasportato dalle vie dei coni al nucleo genicolato laterale. E Cellule gangliari contenenti melanopsina sensibili alla luce proiettano al nucleo soprachiasmatico. Queste cellule gangliari ricevono afferenze anche dai fotorecettori (20). F Un tipo di cellula gangliare sensibile alla direzione (24) è un neurone bistratificato, che riceve afferenze da cellule amacrine del tipo “starburst” (22). Il corpo cellulare di cellule “starburst” dislocate è disposto nello strato delle cellule gangliari (23). Le precise connessioni con i fotorecettori non sono note (24). Le cellule gangliari sensibili alla direzione proiettano al sistema visivo accessorio. Il riquadro raffigura una proiezione tangenziale di una cellula amacrina. del tipo “starburst”

Distribuzione dei bastoncelli e dei coni nella retina umana. Ritratta da Kolb e coll. [155]. 1, Fovea centralis; 2, Disco ottico; 3, Ora serrata

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  1. The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Rudolf Nieuwenhuys M.D., PH.D. (Professor emeritus of Neuroanatomy)

  2. Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Jan Voogd M.D., PH.D. (Professor emeritus of Anatomy)

  3. Laboratorio di Morfologia delle Reti Neuronali Responsabile Servizio Imaging - Centro Grandi Attrezzature Dipartimento di Medicina Pubblica Clinica e Preventiva, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli

    Michele Papa

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Nieuwenhuys, R., Voogd, J., van Huijzen, C., Papa, M. (2010). Sistema visivo. In: Il sistema nervoso centrale. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1140-3_19

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