Abstract
This chapter presents the mathematical basis of the plane-wave admittance method (PWAM), which is a combination of the method of lines and plane-wave expansion. In the first part of the chapter the most important equations are derived and the used admittance transfer procedure is reviewed. In the second part we show the examples of modelling photonic-crystals-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with PWAM. We analyse the resonant wavelength and modal losses as a function of photonic crystal etching depth. Next we discuss the photonic crystal parameters most suitable for obtaining single-mode regime. Finally, we consider the possibilities of using photonic crystals for stabilisation of the emitted-light polarisation and suggest a new design of birefringent and dichroic VCSEL.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Dems M., Kotynski R., Panajotov K.: Plane-wave admittance method — a novel approach for determining the electromagnetic modes in photonic structures. Opt. Express 13, 3196–3207 (2005)
Dems M.: Plane-wave admittance method and its applications to modeling semiconductor lasers and planar photonic-crystal structures. Ph.D. thesis, Technical University of Lodz (2007)
Danner A.J., Raftery Jr. J.J., Yokouchi N., Choquette K.D.: Transverse modes of photonic crystal vertical-cavity lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1031–1033 (2004)
Dreher A., Pregla R.: Analysis of planar waveguides with the method of lines and absorbing boundary conditions. IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Lett. 1, 239–241 (1992)
Helfert S.F., Barcz A., Pregla R.: Three-dimensional vectorial analysis of waveguide structures with the method of lines. Opt. Quantum Electron. 35, 381–394 (2003)
Sacks Z.S., Kingsland D.M., Lee R., Lee J.F.: A perfectly matched anisotropic absorber for use as an absorbing boundary condition. IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation 43, 1460–1463 (1995)
Berenger J.P.: A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves. J. Comput. Phys. 114, 185–200 (1994)
Dems M., Panajotov K.: Modeling of single-and multimode photonic-crystal planar wave-guides with plane-wave admittance method. Appl. Phys. B 89, 19–23 (2007)
Kotynski R., Dems M., Panajotov K.: Waveguiding losses of micro-structured fibres-plane wave method revisited. Opt. Quantum Electron. 39, 469–479 (2007)
Birks T.A., Knight J.C., Russell P.S.J.: Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997)
Knight J.C., Russell P.S.J.: Applied optics: New ways to guide light. Science 296, 276–277 (2002)
Conradi O., Helfert S.F., Pregla R.: Comprehensive modeling of vertical-cavity laser-diodes by the method of lines. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37, 928–935 (2001)
Press W., Teukolsky S.A., Vetterling W.T., Flannery B.P.: Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, New York, second edn. (1992)
Taflove A., Hagness S.C.: Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method. Artec House Inc., Boston, second edn. (2000)
Ziolkowski R.W.: Time-derivative Lorentz materials and their utilization as electromagnetic absorbers. Phys Rev. E 55, 1630–1639 (1996)
Chew W.C., Jin J.M., Michielssen E.: Complex coordinate stretching as a generalized absorbing boundary condition. Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett. 15, 363–369 (1997)
Dems M., Czyszanowski T., Panajotov K.: Numerical analysis of high Q-factor photonic-crystal VCSELs with plane-wave admittance method. Opt. Quantum Electron. 39, 419–426 (2007)
Czyszanowski T., Dems M., Thienpont H., Panajotov K.: Modal behavior of photonic-crystal vertical-cavity surface-emitting diode laser analyzed with plane wave admittance method. Opt. Quantum Electron. 39, 469–479 (2007)
Czyszanowski T., Dems M., Thienpont H., Panajotov K.: Optimal radii of photonic crystal holes within DBR mirrors in long wavelength VCSEL. Opt. Express 15, 1301–1306 (2007)
Czyszanowski T., Dems M., Panajotov K.: Impact of the hole depth on the modal behaviour of long wavelength photonic crystal VCSELs. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40, 2732–2735 (2007)
Czyszanowski T., Dems M., Panajotov K.: Optimal parameters of photonic-crystal vertical-cavity surface-emitting diode lasers. IEEE J. Lightwave Techn. 25, 2331–2336 (2007)
Yokouchi N., Danner A.J., Choquette K.D.: Two-dimensional photonic crystal confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 9, 1439–1445 (2003)
Danner A.J., Raftery Jr. J.J., Leisher P.O., Choquette K.D.: Single mode photonic crystal vertical vavity lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 091, 114 (2006)
Leisher P.O., Danner A.J., Choquette K.D.: Single-mode 1.3 m photonic crystal vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2156–2158 (2006)
Czyszanowski T., Dems M., Panajotov K.: Single mode condition and modes discrimination in photonic-crystal 1.3 m A1InGaAs/InP VCSEL. Opt. Express 15, 5604–5609 (2007)
Chang-Hasnain C.J.H.J.P., Hasnain G., Von Lehmen A.C., Florez L.T., Stoffel N.G.: Polarization and transverse mode characteristics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27, 1402–1408 (1991)
Choquette K.D., Schneider R.P., Lear K.L., Leibenguth R.E.: Gain-dependent polarization properties of vertical-cavity lasers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 1, 661–666 (1995)
Panajotov K., Danckaert J., Verschaffelt G., Peeters M., Nagler B., Albert J., Ryvkin B., Thienpont H., Veretennicoff I.: Polarization behavior of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers: Experiments, models and applications. Proc. AIP 560, 403–417 (2000)
Sciamanna M., Panajotov K., Thienpont H., Veretennicoff I., Mégret P., Blondel M.: Optical feedback induces polarization mode hopping in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Opt. Lett. 28, 1543–1545 (2003)
Gatare I., Sciamanna M., Buessa J., Thienpont H., Panajotov K.: Nonlinear dynamics accompanying polarization switching in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with orthogonal optical injection. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 101, 106 (2006)
San Miguel M., Feng O., Moloney J.V.: Light polarization dynamics in surface-emitting semiconductor lasers. Phys Rev. A 52, 1728–1739 (1996)
Martin-Regalado J., Prati F., San Miguel M., Abraham N.B.: Polarization properties of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 765–783 (1997)
Mueller R., Klehr A., Valle A., Sarma J., Shore K.A.: Effects of spatial hole burning on polarization dynamics in edge-emitting and vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes. Semi-cond. Sci. Technol. 11, 587–596 (1996)
Panajotov K., Ryvkin B., Danckaert J., Peeters M., Thienpont H., Veretennicoff I.: Polarization switching in VCSEL’s due to thermal lensing. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10, 6–8 (1998)
Niskiyama N., Arai M., Shinada S., Azuchi M., Miyamoto T., Koyama F., Iga K.: Highly strained GaInAs-GaAs quantum-well vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser on GaAs (311)B substrate for stable polarization operation. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 7, 242–248 (2001)
Jansen van Doom A., van Exter M., Woerdman J.: Strain-induced birefringence in vertical-cavity semiconductor lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 700–706 (1998)
Panajotov K., Nagler B., Verschaffelt G., Georgievski A., Thienpont H., Danckaert J., Veretennicoff I.: Impact of in-plane anisotropic strain on the polarization behavior of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 1590–1592 (2000)
Choquette K.D., Leibenguth R.: Control of vertical-cavity laser polarization with anisotropic transverse cavity geometries. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 6, 40–42 (1994)
Ortsiefer M., Shau R., Zigldrum M., Böhm G., Köhler F., Amann M.C.: Submilliamp long-wavelength InP-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with stable linear polarisation. Electron. Lett. 36, 1124–1126 (2000)
Mukaihara T., Ohnoki N., Hayashi Y., Hatori N., Koyama F., Iga K.: Polarization control of vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers using a birefringent metal/dielectric polarizer loaded on top distributed Bragg reflector. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 1, 667–673 (1995)
Ser J.H., Ju Y.G., Shin J.H., Lee Y.H.: Polarization stabilization of vertical-cavity top-surface-emitting lasers by inscription of fine metal-interlaced gratings. Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 2769–2771 (1995)
Berseth C.A., Dwir B., Utke I., Pier H., Rudra A., Iakovlev V.P., Kapon E.: Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers incorporating structured mirrors patterned by electron-beam lithography. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 17, 3222–3225 (1999)
Debernardi P., Ostermann J.M., Feneberg M., Jalics C., Michalzik R.: Reliable polarization control of VCSELs through monolithically integrated surface gratings: A comparative theoretical and experimental study. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 11, 107–116 (2005)
Song D.S., Lee Y.J., Choi H.W., Lee Y.H.: Polarization-controlled, single-transverse-mode, photonic-crystal, vertical-cavity, surface-emitting lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3182–3184 (2003)
Steel M.J., White T.P., Martijn de Sterke C., McPhedran M.C., Botten L.C.: Symmetry and degeneracy in microstructured optical fibers. Opt. Lett. 26, 488–450 (2001)
Urbanczyk W., Szuplak M., Statkiewicz G., Martynkien T., Olszewski J., Wojcik J., Mergo P., Makara M., Nasilowski T., Berghmans F., Thienpont H.: Polarizing properties of photonic crystal fibers. In: International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, ICTON 2006, vol. 2, pp. 59–63 (2006)
Ortigosa-Blanch A., Knight J.C., Wadsworth W.J., Arriaga J., Mangan B.J., Birks T.A., Russell P.S.J.: Highly birefringent photonic crystal fibers. Opt. Lett. 25, 1325–1327 (2000)
Hansen T.P., Broeng J., Libori S.E.B., Knudsen E., Bjarklev A., Jensen J.R., Simonsen H.: Highly birefringent index-guiding photonic crystal fibers. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13, 588–590 (2001)
Szpulak M., Olszewski J., Martynkien T., Urbanczyk W., Wojcik J.: Polarizing photonic crystal fibers with wide operation range. Opt. Commun 239, 91–97 (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dems, M., Czyszanowski, T., Kotyński, R., Panajotov, K. (2008). Plane-Wave Admittance Method and its Applications to Modelling Photonic Crystal Structures. In: Sibilia, C., Benson, T.M., Marciniak, M., Szoplik, T. (eds) Photonic Crystals: Physics and Technology. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0844-1_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0844-1_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0843-4
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0844-1
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)