Abstract
This chapter should help to clarify the anatomical relationships and complex anorectal topography that can be clearly visualized by modern ultrasound techniques and should be recognized by the pelvic surgeon. The pelvic floor forms the supportive and caudal border of the abdominal cavity. Previous anatomical studies have demonstrated that the pelvic connective tissue can be divided into three compartments: anterior, middle, and posterior. This chapter is dedicated to the posterior compartment and reflects the supportive function of the pelvic floor muscle systems as well as its impact on continence function and defecation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arumugam PJ, Patel B, Beynon J (2005) Ultrasound in coloproctologic practice: endorectal/endoanal ultrasound. In: Wexner SD, Zbar AP, Pescatori M (eds) Complex anorectal disorders. Investigation and management. Springer, London, pp 217–245
Sultan AH, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA et al (1993) Anal endosonography and correlation with in vitro and in vivo anatomy. Br J Surg 80:508–511
Zbar AP, Frudinger A (2005) Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound in proctological practice. In: Wexner SD, Zbar AP, Pescatori M (eds) Complex anorectal disorders. Investigation and management. Springer, London, pp 263–274
Bonatti H, Lugger P, Hechenleitner P et al (2004) Transperineal sonography in anorectal disorders. Ultraschall Med 25(2):111–115
Beynon J, Foy DMA, Channer JL et al (1986) The endoscopic appearances of normal colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 29:810–813
Fritsch H, Brenner E, Lienemann A, Ludwikowski B (2002) Anal sphincter complex. Dis Colon Rectum 45:188–194
Frudinger A, Halligan S, Bartram CI et al (2002) Female anal sphincter: age-related differences in asymptomatic volunteers with high-frequency endoanal US. Radiology 224:417–423
Gold DM, Bartram CI, Halligan S et al (1999) 3-D endoanal sonography in assessing anal canal injury. Br J Surg 86:365–370
Zetterström JP, Mellgren A, Madoff RD et al (1998) Perineal body measurement improves evaluation of anterior sphincter lesions during endoanal ultrasonography. Dis Colon Rectum 41(6):705–713
Oberwalder M, Thaler K, Baig MK et al (2004) Anal ultrasound and endosonographic measurement of perineal body thickness: a new evaluation for fecal incontinence in females. Surg Endos 18(4):650–654
Aigner F, Zbar AP, Ludwikowski B et al (2004) The rectogenital septum: morphology, function and clinical relevance. Dis Colon Rectum 47:131–140
Aigner F, Bodner G, Gruber H et al (2006) The vascular nature of hemorrhoids. J Gastrointest Surg 10(7):1044–1050
Mallouhi A, Bonatti H, Peer S et al (2004) Detection and characterization of perianal inflammatory disease: accuracy of transperineal combined grayscale and color-Doppler sonography. J Ultrasound Med 23(1):19–27
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Aigner, F., Gruber, H. (2008). Two-dimensional Ultrasonography of Pelvic Floor and Anorectal Anatomy. In: Imaging Atlas of the Pelvic Floor and Anorectal Diseases. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0809-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0809-0_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0808-3
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0809-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)