Estratto
In questo capitolo ci occupiamo dei fenomeni e dei meccanismi neurali alla base della capacità umana di empatizzare con le azioni, le emozioni e le sensazioni altrui, e in particolare dell’attività neurale indotta dall’osservare e immaginare il dolore in un’altra persona. Mostreremo che la rappresentazione del dolore altrui determina l’attivazione di strutture neurali simili a quelle attivate durante l’esperienza personale del dolore, e che nell’empatia per il dolore possono essere utilizzate le strutture neurali coinvolte nel processamento sia emozionale che sensorimotorio.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliografia
Fernandez E, Turk DC (1992) Sensory and affective components of pain: separation and synthesis. Psychol Bull 112:205–217
Melzack R, Casey KL (1968) Sensory, motivational and central control determinants of pain: a new conceptual model. In: Kenshalo DR (ed) The skin senses. Thomas, Springfield, IL, pp 423–443
Price DD, Harkins SW, Baker C (1987) Sensory-affective relationships among different types of clinical and experimental pain. Pain 28:297–308
International Association for the Study of Pain Task Force on Taxonomy (1994) Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. IASP Press, Seattle, WA
Farina S, Tinazzi M, Le Pera D, Valeriani M (2003) Pain-related modulation of the human motor cortex. Neurol Res 25:130–142
Ingvar M (1999) Pain and functional imaging. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol 354:1347–1358
Rainville P (2002) Brain mechanisms of pain affect and pain modulation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12:195–204
Peyron R, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L (2000) Functional imaging of brain responses to pain: a review and meta-analysis. Neurophysiol Clin 30:263–288
Derbyshire SWG (2000) Exploring the pain neuromatrix. Curr Rev Pain 6:467–477
Lipps T (1903) Einfühlung, innere Nachahmung und Organenempfindung. Arch Gesamte Psychol 1:465–519
Beres D, Arlow JA (1974) Fantasy and identification in empathy. Psychoanal Q 43:26–50
Basch MF (1983) Empathic understanding: a review of the concept and some theoretical considerations. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 31:101–126
Bohart A, Greenberg LS (1997) Empathy reconsidered. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
Freud S (1905) Il motto di spirito e la sua relazione con l’inconscio. OSF 5
Kohut H (1959) Introspection, empathy, and psychoanalysis: an examination of the relationship between mode of observation and theory. In: Ornstein PH (ed) The search for the self, vol 1. International University Press, New York, pp 205–232
Kohut H (1984) How does analysis cure? University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Goldman AI (1992) In defense of the simulation theory. Mind Lang 7:104–119
Gordon RM (1986) Folk psychology as simulation. Mind Lang 1:158–171
Gordon RM (1992) The simulation theory: objections and misconceptions. Mind Lang 7:11–34
Carruthers P, Smith PK (1996) Theories of theories of mind. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Gallese V, Goldman A (1998) Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mindreading. Trends Cogn Sci 12:493–501
Gallese V (2001) The’ shared manifold’ hypothesis: from mirror neurons to empathy. J Consc Studies 8:33–50
Gallese V (2003) The manifold nature of interpersonal relations: the quest for a common mechanism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol 358:517–528
Preston SD, de Waal FBM (2002) Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases. Behav Brain Sci 25:1–71
Adolphs R (2003) Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 4:165–178
Gallese V, Keyser C, Rizzolatti G (2004) A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 8:396–403
Decety J, Jackson PL (2004) The functional architecture of human empathy. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 3:71–100
Friedman DP, Murray EA (1986) Thalamic connectivity of the second somatosensory area and neighboring somatosensory fields of the lateral sulcus of the macaque. J Comp Neurol 252:348–374
Rausell E, Jones EG (1991) Chemically distinct compartments of the thalamic VPM nucleus in monkeys relay principal and spinal trigeminal pathways to different layers of the somatosensory cortex. J Neurosci 11:226–237
Shi T, Apkarian AV (1995) Morphology of thalamocortical neurons projecting to the primary somatosensory cortex and their relationship to spinothalamic terminals in the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol 361:1–24
Kenshalo DR Jr, Isensee O (1983) Responses of primate SI cortical neurons to noxious stimuli. J Neurophysiol 50:1479–1496
Chudler EH, Anton F, Dubner R, Kenshalo DR Jr (1990) Responses of nociceptive SI neurons in monkeys and pain sensation in humans elicited by noxious thermal stimulation: effect of interstimulus interval. J Neurophysiol 63:559–569
Craig AD, Bushnell MC, Zhang ET, Blomqvist A (1994) A thalamic nucleus specific for pain and temperature sensation. Nature 372:770–773
Dong WK, Chudler EH, Sugiyama K et al (1994) Somatosensory, multisensory, and task-related neurons in cortical area 7b (PF) of unanesthetized monkeys. J Neurophysiol 72:542–564
Andersson JL, Lilja A, Hartvig P et al (1997) Somatotopic organization along the central sulcus, for pain localization in humans, as revealed by positron emission tomography. Exp Brain Res 117:192–199
Porro CA, Cettolo V, Francescato MP, Baraldi P (1998) Temporal and intensity coding of pain in human cortex. J Neurophysiol 80:3312–3320
Bushnell MC, Duncan GH, Hofbauer RK et al (1999) Pain perception: is there a role for primary somatosensory cortex? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:7705–7709
Hofbauer RK, Rainville P, Duncan GH, Bushnell MC (2001) Cortical representation of the sensory dimension of pain. J Neurophysiol 86:402–411
Bingel U, Lorenz J, Glauche V et al (2004) Somatotopic organization of human somatosensory cortices for pain: a single trial fMRI study. Neuroimage 23:224–232
Greenspan JD, Lee RR, Lenz FA (1999) Pain sensitivity alterations as a function of lesion location in the parasylvian cortex. Pain 81:273–282
Ploner M, Freund HJ, Schnitzler A (1999) Pain affect without pain sensation in a patient with a postcentral lesion. Pain 81:211–214
Coghill RC, Talbot JD, Evans AC et al (1994) Distributed processing of pain and vibration by the human brain. J Neurosci 14:4095–4108
Craig AD, Reiman EM, Evans AC, Bushnell MC (1996) Functional imaging of an illusion of pain. Nature 384:258–260
Davis KD, Taylor SJ, Crawley AP et al (1997) Functional MRI of pain-and attention related activations in the human cingulate cortex. J Neurophysiol 77:3370–3380
Jones AK, Brown WD, Friston KJ et al (1991) Cortical and subcortical localization of response to pain in man using positron emission tomography. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 244:39–44
Ploghaus A, Tracey I, Gati JS et al (1999) Dissociating pain from its anticipation in the human brain. Science 284:1979–1981
Talbot JD, Marrett S, Evans AC et al (1991) Multiple representations of pain in human cerebral cortex. Science 251:1355–1358
Vogt BA, Derbyshire S, Jones AK (1996) Pain processing in four regions of human cingulate cortex localized with co-registered PET and MR imaging. Eur J Neurosci 8:1461–1473
Rainville P, Duncan GH, Price DD et al (1997) Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science 277:968–971
Singer T, Seymour B, O’Doherty J et al (2004) Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303:1157–1162
Papez JW (1937) A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 38:725–743
MacLean PD (1949) Psychosomatic disease and the “visceral brain”: recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosom Med 11:338–353
Apkarian AV, Shi T (1998) Thalamocortical connections of the cingulate and insula in relation to nociceptive inputs to the cortex. In: Ayrapetyan SN, Apkarian AV (eds) Pain mechanisms and management. IOS, Washington, DC, pp 212–220
Craig AD (2003) Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence in central processing. Annu Rev Neurosci 26:1–30
Hutchison WD, Davis KD, Lozano AM et al (1999) Pain-related neurons in the human cingulate cortex. Nat Neurosci 2:403–405
Lenz FA, Rios M, Zirh A et al (1998) Painful stimuli evoke potentials recorded over the human anterior cingulate gyrus. J Neurophysiol 79:2231–2234
Koyama T, Tanaka YZ, Mikami A (1998) Nociceptive neurons in the macaque anterior cingulate activate during anticipation of pain. Neuroreport 9:2663–2667
Sikes RW, Vogt BA (1992) Nociceptive neurons in area 24 of rabbit cingulate cortex. J Neurophysiol 68:1720–1732
Tolle TR, Kaufmann T, Siessmeier T et al (1999) Region-specific encoding of sensory and affective components of pain in the human brain: a positron emission tomography correlation analysis. Ann Neurol 45:40–47
Lieberman MD, Jarcho JM, Berman S et al. (2004) The neural correlates of placebo effects: a disruption account. Neuroimage 22:447–455
Coghill RC, McHaffie JG, Yen YF (2003) Neural correlates of interindividual differences in the subjective experience of pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8538–8542
Augustine JR (1985) The insular lobe in primates including humans. Neurol Res 7:2–10
Augustine JR (1996) Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans. Brain Res Rev 22:229–244
Craig AD, Chen K, Bandy D, Reiman EM (2000) Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Nat Neurosci 3:184–190
Critchley HD, Wiens S, Rotshtein P et al (2004) Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat Neurosci 7:189–195
Berthier M, Starkstein S, Leiguarda R (1988) Asymbolia for pain: a sensory-limbic disconnection syndrome. Ann Neurol 24:41–49
Flor H (2002) Phantom-limb pain: characteristics, causes, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 1:182–189
Panksepp J (1998) Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford University Press, New York
Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD (2004) Why rejection hurts: a common neural alarm system for physical and social pain. Trends Cogn Sci 8:294–300
Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD, Williams KD (2003) Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science 302:290–292
Osaka N, Osaka M, Morishita M et al (2004) A word expressing affective pain activates the anterior cingulate cortex in the human brain: an fMRI study. Behav Brain Res 153:123–127
Descartes R (1972) Traité de l’homme. In: Hall TS (trans) Treatise of man, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
Wittgenstein L (1963) Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell, Oxford, UK [trad. it.: Ricerche filosofiche. Einaudi, Torino, 1967]
Inghilleri M, Cruccu G, Argenta M, Polidori L, Manfredi M (1997) Silent period in upper limb muscles after noxious cutaneous stimulation in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 105:109–115
Williams AC (2002) Facial expression of pain: an evolutionary account. Behav Brain Sci 25:439–488
Lundt JP, Stholer CS, Widmer CG (1993) The relationship between pain and muscle activity in fibromyalgia and similar conditions. In: Vaeroy H, Merskey H (eds) Progress in fibromyalgia and myofascial pain. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 311–327
Schwoebel J, Friedman R, Duda N, Coslett HB (2001) Pain and the body schema: evidence for peripheral effects on mental representations of movement. Brain 124:2098–2104
Schwoebel J, Coslett HB, Bradt J et al (2002) Pain and the body schema: effects of pain severity on mental representation of movement. Neurology 59:775–777
Tsubokawa T, Katayama Y, Yamamoto T et al (1991) Chronic motor cortex stimulation for the treatment of central pain. Acta Neurochir 52:137–139
Saitoh Y, Shibata M, Sanada Y, Mashimo T (1999) Motor cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain. Lancet 353, 212
Drouot X, Nguyen JP, Peschanski M, Lefaucheur J-P (2002) The antalgic efficacy of chronic motor cortex stimulation is related to sensory changes in the painful zone. Brain 125:1660–1664
Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Nguyen JP (2001) Interventional neurophysiology for pain control: duration of pain relief following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. Neurophysiol Clin 31:247–252
Flor H, Elbert T, Knecht S et al (1995) Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation. Nature 375:482–484
Casey KL, Minoshima S, Morrow TJ, Koeppe RA (1996) Comparison of human cerebral activation pattern during cutaneous warmth, heat pain, and deep cold pain. J Neurophysiol 76:571–81
Wager TD, Rilling JK, Smith EE et al (2004) Placebo-induced changes in fMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain. Science 303:1162–1167
Porro CA, Cettolo V, Francescato MP, Baraldi P (2003) Functional activity mapping of the mesial hemispheric wall during anticipation of pain. Neuroimage 19:1738–1747
Ploghaus A, Becerra L, Borras C, Borsook D (2003) Neural circuitry underlying pain modulation: expectation, hypnosis, placebo. Trends Cogn Sci 7:197–200
Farina S, Valeriani M, Rosso T et al (2001) Transient inhibition of the human motor cortex by capsaicin-induced pain: a study with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurosci Lett 314:97–101
Le Pera D, Graven-Nielsen T, Valeriani M et al (2001) Inhibition of motor system excitability at cortical and spinal level by tonic muscle pain. Clin Neurophysiol 112:1633–1641
Svensson P, Miles TS, McKay D, Ridding MC (2003) Suppression of motor evoked potentials in a hand muscle following prolonged painful stimulation. Eur J Pain 7:55–62
Urban PP, Solinski M, Best C et al (2004) Different short-term modulation of cortical motor output to distal and proximal upper-limb muscles during painful sensory nerve stimulation. Muscle Nerve 29:663–669
Georgopoulos AP (2000) Neural aspects of cognitive motor control. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10:238–241
Jeannerod M (1997) The cognitive neuroscience of action. Blackwell, Oxford, UK
Kosslyn SM, Ganis G, Thompson WL (2001) Neural foundation of imagery. Nat Rev Neurosci 2:635–642
Di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L et al (1992) Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Exp Brain Res 91:176–180
Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G (1996) Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119:593–609
Fogassi L, Ferrari PF, Gesierich B et al (2005) Parietal lobe: from action organization to intention understanding. Science 308:662–667
Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Pavesi G, Rizzolatti G (1995) Motor facilitation during action observation: a magnetic stimulation study. J Neurophysiol 73:2608–2611
Fadiga L, Craighero L, Olivier E (2005) Human motor cortex excitability during the perception of others’ action. Curr Opin Neurobiol 15:213–218
Brass M, Bekkering H, Prinz W (2001) Movement observation affects movement execution in a simple response task. Acta Psychol 106:3–22
Craighero L, Bello A, Fadiga L, Rizzolatti G (2002) Hand action preparation influences the responses to hand pictures. Neuropsychologia 40:492–502
Grafton ST, Arbib MA, Fadiga L, Rizzolatti G (1996) Localization of grasp representation in humans by positron emission tomography. 2. Observation compared with imagination. Exp Brain Res 112:103–111
Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Matelli M et al (1996) Localization of grasp representation in humans by PET. 1. Observation versus execution. Exp Brain Res 111:246–252
Grèzes J, Costes N, Decety J (1998) Top-down effect of strategy on the perception of human biological motion: a PET investigation. Cogn Neuropsychol 15:553–582
Grèzes J, Costes N, Decety J (1999) The effects of learning and intention on the neural network involved in the perception of meaningless actions. Brain 122:1875–1887
Hari R, Forss N, Avikainen S et al (1998) Activation of human primary motor cortex during action observation: a neuromagnetic study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:15061–15065
Iacoboni M, Woods RP, Brass M et al (1999) Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science 286:2526–2528
Cochin S, Barthelemy C, Roux S, Martineau J (1999) Observation and execution of movement: similarities demonstrated by quantified electroencephalography. Eur J Neurosci 11:1839–1842
Grèzes J, Decety J (2001) Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, and verb generation of actions: a meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 12:1–19
Calvo-Merino B, Glaser DE, Grèzes J et al (2005) Action observation and acquired motor skills: an fMRI study with expert dancers. Cereb Cortex 15:1243–1249
Costantini M, Galati G, Ferretti A et al (2005) Neural systems underlying observation of humanly impossible movements: an fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 15:1761–1767
Buccino G, Binkofski F, Fink GR et al (2001) Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study. Eur J Neurosci 13:400–404
Jeannerod M (1994) The representing brain: neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behav Brain Sci 17:187–245
Jeannerod M (2001) Neural simulation of action: a unifying mechanism for motor cognition. Neuroimage 14:S103–S109
Decety J, Grèzes J (1999) Neural mechanisms subserving the perception of human actions. Trends Cogn Sci 3:172–178
Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, Fogassi L (1996) Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cogn Brain Res 3:131–141
Rizzolatti G, Fogassi L, Gallese V (2001) Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nat Rev Neurosci 2:661–670
Rizzolatti G, Craighero L (2004) The mirror-neuron system. Annu Rev Neurosci 27:169–192
Blakemore SJ, Decety J (2001) From the perception of action to the understanding of intention. Nat Rev Neurosci 2:561–567
Grèzes J, Frith CD, Passingham RE (2004) Inferring false beliefs from the actions of oneself and others: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 21:744–750
Iacoboni M, Molnar-Szakacs I, Gallese V et al (2005) Grasping the intentions of others with one’s own mirror neuron system. PLoS Biol 3:529–535
Thomson E (2001) Empathy and consciousness. J Consc Stud 8:1–32
Meltzoff AN, Decety J (2003) What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358:491–500
Decety J, Sommerville JA (2003) Shared representations between self and other: a social cognitive neuroscience view. Trends Cogn Sci 7:527–533
Morrison I, Lloyd D, di Pellegrino G, Roberts N (2004) Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: is empathy a multisensory issue? Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 4:270–278
Carr L, Iacoboni M, Dubeau MC et al (2003) Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:5497–5502
Wicker B, Keysers C, Plailly J et al (2003) Both of us disgusted in my insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron 40:655–664
Leslie KR, Johnson-Frey SH, Grafton ST (2004) Functional imaging of face and hand imitation: towards a motor theory of empathy. Neuroimage 21:601–607
Hennenlotter A, Schroeder U, Erhard P et al (2005) A common neural basis for receptive and expressive communication of pleasant facial affect. Neuroimage 26:581–591
Keysers C, Wicker B, Gazzola V et al (2004) A touching sight: SII/PV activation during the observation and experience of touch. Neuron 42:335–346
Blakemore SJ, Bristow D, Bird G et al, Frith C, Ward J (2005) Somatosensory activations during the observation of touch and a case of vision-touch synaesthesia. Brain 128:1571–1583
Jackson PL, Meltzoff AN, Decety J (2005) How do we perceive the pain of others? A window into the neural processes involved in empathy. Neuroimage 24:771–779
Avenanti A, Bueti D, Galati G, Aglioti SM (2005) Transcranial magnetic stimulation highlights the sensorimotor side of empathy for pain. Nat Neurosci 8:955–960
Botvinick M, Jha AP, Bylsma LM et al, Fabian SA, Solomon PE, Prkachin KM (2005) Viewing facial expressions of pain engages cortical areas involved in the direct experience of pain. Neuroimage 25:312–319
Dimberg U, Thunberg M, Elmehed K (2000) Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Psychol Sci 11:86–89
Wallbott HG (1991) Recognition of emotion from facial expression via imitation? Some indirect evidence for an old theory. Br J Soc Psychol 30:207–219
Ekman P, Davidson RJ (1993) Voluntary smiling changes regional brain activity. Psychol Sci 4:342–345
Adolphs R, Damasio H, Tranel D (2002) Neural systems for recognition of emotional prosody: a 3-D lesion study. Emotion 2:23–51
Adolphs R, Damasio H, Tranel D et al (2000) A role for the somatosensory cortices in the visual recognition of emotion as revealed by three-dimensional lesion mapping. J Neurosci 20:2683–2690
Pourtois G, Sander D, Andres M et al (2004) Dissociable roles of the human somatosensory and superior temporal cortices for processing social face signals. Eur J Neurosci 20:3507–3515
Winston JS, O’Doherty J, Dolan RJ (2003) Common and distinct neural responses during direct and incidental processing of multiple facial emotions. Neuroimage 20:84–97
Adolphs R (2002) Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12:169–177
Calder AJ, Keane J, Manes F et al (2000) Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury. Nat Neurosci 3:1077–1078
Phillips ML, Young AW, Senior C et al (1997) A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust. Nature 389:495–498
Bradshaw JL, Mattingley JB (2001) Allodynia: a sensory analogue of motor mirror neurons in a hyperaesthetic patient reporting instantaneous discomfort to another’s perceived sudden minor injury? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70:135–136
Peyron R, Garcia-Larrea L, Gregoire MC et al (1999) Haemodynamic brain responses to acute pain in humans: sensory and attentional networks. Brain 122:1765–1780
Sawamoto N, Honda M, Okada T et al (2000) Expectation of pain enhances responses to nonpainful somatosensory stimulation in the anterior cingulate cortex and parietal operculum/posterior insula: an event-related functional magnetic imaging study. J Neurosci 20:7438–7444
Porro CA, Baraldi P, Pagnoni G et al (2002) Does anticipation of pain affect cortical nociceptive systems? J Neurosci 22:3206–3214
Singer T, Frith C (2005) The painful side of empathy. Nat Neurosci 8:845–846
Avenanti A, Minio Paluello I, Bufalari I, Aglioti SM (2006) Stimulus-driven modulation of motor-evoked potentials during observation of others’ pain. Neuroimage 32:316–324
Minio Paluello I, Avenanti A, Aglioti SM (2006) Left hemisphere dominance in reading the sensory qualities of others’ pain? Social Neuroscience 1:320–333
Fecteau S, Pascual-Leone A, Theoret H (2006) Empathy for pain: Anticipation vs. observation. Neuroimage 31:S156
Bufalari I, Aprile T, Avenanti A, Di Russo F, Aglioti SM (2007) Empathy for pain and touch in the human somatosensory cortex. Cerebr Cortex [Jan 6 2007 Epub ahead of print]
Valeriani M, Betti V, Le Pera D, Restuccia D, De Armas L, Miliucci R, Avenanti A, Aglioti SM (2006) The pain of a model in the pain system of an onlooker: a laserevoked potentials study of empathy for pain [sottomesso]
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Avenanti, A., Aglioti, S.M. (2007). Il versante sensorimotorio dell’empatia per il dolore. In: Mancia, M. (eds) Psicoanalisi e Neuroscienze. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0659-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0659-1_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0658-4
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0659-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)