Abstract
The three major clinical manifestations of spina bifida (hydrocephalus, paraplegia and urinary and bowel incontinence) are easily observable and have been described since ancient times, though they were not described in relationship to spina bifida until the seventeenth century [1].
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Cinalli, G., Spennato, P., Buonocore, M.C., Cianciulli, E., Vinchon, M., Sgouros, S. (2008). Pathophysiology of Hydrocephalus. In: The Spina Bifida. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0651-5_16
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0651-5_16
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