Skip to main content

Pathological findings in rheumatic diseases

  • Chapter
Musculoskeletal Sonography

Abstract

The ability of US to make an accurate evaluation of soft tissue involvement in a wide range of diseases of the locomotor system has led to its increasing widespread use in the field of rheumatology [1]–[10]. Significant technological progress has been made over the last few years, generating ever more sophisticated and reliable ultrasound machinery. The high resolution is now such that real in vivo histological examination is now possible.The main reason for the relative lack of wide diffusion of its use amongst rheumatologists is that a long training period is necessary in order to acquire full operator independence

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Grassi W, Salaffi F, Filippucci E (2005) Ultrasound in rheumatology. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 19:467–485

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Grassi W, Filippucci E, Busilacchi P (2004) Musculoskeletal ultrasound. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 18:813–826

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kane D, Balint PV, Sturrock R, Grassi W (2004) Musculoskeletal ultrasound-a state of the art review in rheumatology. Part 1: Current controversies and issues in the development of musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology. Rheumatology 43:823–828

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kane D, Grassi W, Sturrock R, Balint PV (2004) Musculoskeletal ultrasound-a state of the art review in rheumatology. Part 2: Clinical indications for musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology. Rheumatology 43:829–838

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Wakefield RJ, Brown A, O’Connor P et al (2003) Rheumatological ultrasound. Rheumatology 42:1001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Karim Z, Wakefield RJ, Conaghan PG et al (2001) The impact of ultrasonography on diagnosis and management of patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Arthritis Rheum 44:2932–2933

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Backhaus M, Burmester GR, Gerber T et al (2001) Guidelines for musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology. Ann Rheum Dis 60:641–649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Grassi W, Cervini C (1998) Ultrasonography in rheumatology: an evolving technique. Ann Rheum Dis 57:268–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Balint P, Sturrock RD (1997) Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging: a new diagnostic tool for the rheumatologist? Br J Rheumatol 36:1141–1142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Manger B, Kalden JR (1995) Joint and connective tissue ultrasonography — A rheumatologic bedside procedure? A German experience.Arthritis Rheum 38:736–742

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. McDonald DG, Leopold GR (1972) Ultrasound B scanning in the differentiation of Baker’s cyst and thrombophlebitis. Br J Radiol 45:729–733

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Grassi W, Filippucci E, Farina A (2005) Ultrasonography in osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 34:19–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Grassi W, Lamanna G, Farina A, Cervini C (1999) Sonographic imaging of normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. Semin Arthritis Rheum 28:398–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Naredo E, Cabero F, Palop MJ et al (2005) Ultrasonographic findings in knee osteoarthritis: a comparative study with clinical and radiographic assessment. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13:568–574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. McCune WJ, Dedrick DK, Aisen AM, MacGuire A (1990) Sonographic evaluation of osteoarthritic femoral condylar cartilage. Correlation with operative findings. Clin Orthop 254:230–235

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Martino F, Monetti G (1993) Semeiotica ecografica delle malattie reumatiche. Piccin ed., Padova

    Google Scholar 

  17. Aisen AM, McCune WJ, MacGuire A et al (1984) Sonographic evaluation of the cartilage of the knee. Radiology 153:781–784

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Martino F, Ettorre GC, Patella V et al (1993) Articular cartilage echography as a criterion of the evolution of osteoarthritis of the knee. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 13:35–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Grassi W, Filippucci E, Farina A, Cervini C (2000) Sonographic imaging of the distal phalanx. Semin Arthritis Rheum 29:379–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Iagnocco A, Filippucci E, Ossandon A et al (2005) High resolution ultrasonography in detection of bone erosions in patients with hand osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 32:2381–2383

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Grassi W, Tittarelli E, Pirani O et al (1993) Ultrasound examination of metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 22:243–247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Grassi W, Tittarelli E, Blasetti P et al (1995) Finger tendon involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation with high frequency sonography. Arthritis Rheum 38:786–794

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lund PJ, Heikal A, Maricic MJ et al (1995) Ultrasonographic imaging of the hand and wrist in rheumatoid arthritis. Skeletal Radiol 24:591–596

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Backhaus M, Kamradt T, Sandrock D et al (1999) Arthritis of the finger joints: a comprehensive approach comparing conventional radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonanace imaging. Arthritis Rheum 42:1232–1245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Grassi W, Filippucci E, Farina A et al (2001) Ultrasonography in the evaluation of bone erosions. Ann Rheum Dis 60:98–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wakefield RJ, Gibbon WW, Conaghan PG et al (2000) The value of sonography in the detection of bone erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with conventional radiography. Arthritis Rheum 43:2762–2770

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Schmidt WA (2001) Value of sonography in diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 357:1056–1057

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Szkudlarek M, Court-Payen M, Jacobsen S et al (2003) Interobserver agreement in ultrasonography of the finger and toe joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 48:955–962

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Szkudlarek M, Court-Payen M, Strandberg C et al (2001) power Doppler ultrasonography for assessment of synovitis in the metacarpophalangeal joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 44:2018–2023

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Naredo E, Gamero F, Bonilla G et al (2005) Ultrasonographic assessment of inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of extended versus reduced joint evaluation. Clin Exp Rheumatol 23:881–884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Weidekamm C, Koller M, Weber M, Kainberger F (2003) Diagnostic value of high-resolution B-mode and doppler sonography for imaging of hand and finger joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 48:325–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Stone M, Bergin D, Whelan B et al (2001) Power Doppler ultrasound assessment of rheumatoid hand synovitis. J Rheumatol 28:1979–1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hau M, Kneitz C, Tony HP et al (2002) High resolution ultrasound detects a decrease in pannus vascularisation of small finger joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving treatment with soluble tumour necrosis factor alpha receptor (etanercept). Ann Rheum Dis 61:55–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Grassi W, Filippucci E (2003) Is power Doppler sonography the new frontier in therapy monitoring? Clin Exp Rheumatol 21:424–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wakefield RJ, Brown AK, O’Connor PJ, Emery P (2003) Power Doppler sonography: improving disease activity assessment in inflammatory musculoskeletal disease. Arthritis Rheum 48:285–288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Grassi W, Filippucci E, Farina A, Cervini C (2000) Sonographic imaging of tendons. Arthritis Rheum 43:969–976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kane D, Greaney T, Bresnihan B et al (1999) Ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of psoriatic dactylitis. J Rheumatol 26:1746–1751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Olivieri I, Barozzi L, Favaro L et al (1996) Dactylitis in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy.Assessment by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 39:1524–1528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Balint PV, Sturrock RD (2000) Inflamed retrocalcaneal bursa and Achilles tendonitis in psoriatic arthritis demonstrated by ultrasonography. Ann Rheum Dis 59:931–933

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Balint PV, Kane D, Wilson H et al (2002) Ultrasonography of entheseal insertions in the lower limb in spondyloarthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis 61:905–910

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Falsetti P, Frediani B, Fioravanti A et al (2003) Sonographic study of calcaneal entheses in erosive osteoarthritis, nodal osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 32:229–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Galluzzo E, Lischi DM, Taglione E et al (2000) Sonographic analysis of the ankle in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 29:52–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. D’Agostino MA, Said-Nahal R, Hacquard-Bouder C et al (2003) Assessment of peripheral enthesitis in the spondylarthropathies by ultrasonography combined with power Doppler: a cross-sectional study. Arthritis Rheum 48:523–533

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Frediani B, Falsetti P, Storri L et al (2002) Ultrasound and clinical evaluation of quadricipital tendon enthesitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 21:294–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Falsetti P, Frediani B, Filippou G et al (2002) Enthesitis of proximal insertion of the deltoid in the course of seronegative spondyloarthritis. An atypical enthesitis that can mime impingement syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol 31:158–162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Filippucci E, Ciapetti A, Grassi W (2003) Sonographic monitoring of gout. Reumatismo 55:184–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gerster JC, Landry M, Dufresne L, Meuwly JY (2002) Imaging of tophaceous gout: computed tomography provides specific images compared with magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. Ann Rheum Dis 61:52–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Frediani B, Filippou G, Falsetti P et al (2005) Diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease: ultrasonographic criteria proposed. Ann Rheum Dis 64:638–640

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Coari G, Iagnocco A, Zoppini A (1995) Chondrocalcinosis: sonographic study of the knee. Clin Rheumatol 14:511–514

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sofka CM, Adler RS, Cordasco FA (2002) Ultrasound diagnosis of chondrocalcinosis in the knee. Skeletal Radiol 31:43–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Foldes K (2002) Knee chondrocalcinosis: an ultrasonographic study of the hyalin cartilage. Clin Imaging 26:194–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Alasaarela E, Leppilahti J, Hakala M (1998) Ultrasound and operative evaluation of arthritic shoulder joints. Ann Rheum Dis 57:357–360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Naredo E, Aguado P, De Miguel E et al (2002) Painful shoulder: comparison of physical examination and ultrasonographic findings. Ann Rheum Dis 61:132–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Strunk J, Lange U, Kurten B et al (2003) Doppler sonographic findings in the long bicipital tendon sheath in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as compared with patients with degenerative diseases of the shoulder. Arthritis Rheum 48:1828–1832

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. vanHolsbeeck MT, Kolowich PA, Eyler WR et al (1995) US depiction of partial-thickness tear of the rotator cuff. Radiology 197:443–446

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Teefey SA, Middleton WD, Payne WT, Yamaguchi K (2005) Detection and measurement of rotator cuff tears with sonography: analysis of diagnostic errors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184:1768–1773

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bude RO, Nesbitt SD, Adler RS, Rubenfire M (1998) Sonographic detection of xanthomas in normal-sized Achilles’ tendons of individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 170:621–625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Iagnocco A, Ossandon A, Coari G et al (2004) Wrist joint involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.An ultrasonographic study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 22:621–624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ihn H, Shimozuma M, Fujmoto M et al (1995) Ultrasound measurement of skin thickness in systemic sclerosis. Br J Rheumatol 34:535–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Bravo SM, Winalski CS, Weissman BN (1996) Pigmented villonodular synovitis. Radiol Clin North Am 34:311–326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Yang PY, Wang CL, Wu CT et al (1998) Sonography of pigmented villonodular synovitis in the ankle joint. J Clin Ultrasound 26:166–170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Strouse PJ, DiPietro MA, Adler RS (1998) Pediatric hip effusions: evaluation with power Doppler sonography. Radiology 206:731–735

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Marchal GJ, VanHolsbeeck MT, Raes M et al (1987) Transient synovitis of the hip in children: role of US. Radiology 162:825–828

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gordon JE, Huang M, Dobbs M et al (2002) Causes of false-negative ultrasound scans in the diagnosis of septic arthritis of the hip in children. J Pediatr Orthop 22:312–316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Bagnolesi P, Campassi C, Cilotti A et al (1993) Artropatia emofilica: ecografia e radiologia. La radiologia medica 85:28–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Klukowska A, Czyrny Z, Laguna P et al (2001) Correlation between clinical, radiological and ultrasonographical image of knee joints in children with hemophilia. Haemophilia 7:286–292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lanzillo B, Pappone N, Crisci C et al (1998) Subclinical peripheral nerve involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 41:1196–1202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Rosenbaum R (2001) Neuromuscular complications of connective tissue diseases. Muscle Nerve 24:154–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Said G, Lacroix C (2005) Primary and secondary vasculitis neuropathy. J Neurol 252:633–641

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Nadkar MY, Agarwal R, Samant RS et al (2001) Neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. J Assoc Physicians India 49:217–220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Sivri A, Guler-Uysal F (1998) The electroneurophysiological evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol 17:416–418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Buchberger W, Judmaier W, Birbamer G et al (1992) Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis with high-resolution sonography. AJR 159:793–798

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Chen P, Maklad N, Redwine M et al (1997) Dynamic high-resolution sonography of the carpal tunnel. AJR 168:533–537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Duncan I, Sullivan P, Lomas F (1999) Sonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. AJR 173:681–683

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Altinok T, Baysal O, Karakas HM et al (2004) Ultrasonographic assessment of mild and moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Radiology 59:916–925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. El-Karabaty H, Hetzel A, Galla TJ et al (2005) The effect of carpal tunnel release on median nerve flattening and nerve conduction. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 45:223–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Gandolfo N et al (2000) US of nerve entrapments in osteofibrous tunnels of the upper and lower limbs. Radiographics 20:199–217

    Google Scholar 

  78. Grassi W, Farina A, Filippucci E et al (2002) Intralesional therapy in carpal tunnel syndrome: a sonographicguided approach. Clin Exp Rheumatol 20:73–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Chiou HJ, Chou YH, Cheng SP et al (1998) Cubital tunnel syndrome: diagnosis by high-resolution ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 17:643–648

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Jacob D, Creteur V, Courthaliac C et al (2004) Sonoanatomy of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel: a multicentre study by the GEL. Eur Radiol 14:1770–1773

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Spinner RJ, Morgenlander JC, Nunley JA (2000) Ulnar nerve function following total elbow arthroplasty: a prospective study comparing preoperative and postoperative clinical and electrophysiological evaluation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Hand Surg 25:360–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Pellman E, Kumari S, Greenwald R (1986) Rheumatoid iliopsoas bursitis presenting as unilateral leg edema. J Rheumatol 13:197–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Keller A et al (2002) Giant iliopsoas bursitis: ultrasound findings with MRI correlations. J Clin Ultrasound 30: 437–441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Yoon TR, Song EK, Chung JY et al (2000) Femoral neuropathy caused by enlarged iliopsoas bursa associated with osteonecrosis of femoral head: a case report. Acta Orthop Scand 71:322–324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Mahlfeld K, Kayser R, Franke J (2004) Ultrasonographic visualization of a Baker-cyst as cause of a peroneal nerve palsy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Unfallchirurg 107:429–432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lee D, Dauphinée DM (2005) Morphological and functional changes in the diabetic peripheral nerve using diagnostic ultrasound and neurosensory testing to select candidates for nerve decompression J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95:433–437

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Lane NE, Michel B, Bjorkengren A et al (1993) The risk of osteoarthritis with running and aging: a 5-year longitudinal study. J Rheumatol 20:461–468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Koulouris G, Connell D (2005) Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics 25:571–586

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Connell DA, Schneider-Kolsky ME, Hoving JL et al (2004) Longitudinal study comparing sonographic and MRI assessments of acute and healing hamstring injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183:975–984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ulreich N, Kainberger F, Huber W, Nehrer S (2002) Achilles tendon and sports. Radiologe 42:811–817

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Fredberg U, Bolvig L (2002) Significance of ultrasonographically detected asymptomatic tendinosis in the patellar and achilles tendons of elite soccer players: a longitudinal study. Am J Sports Med 30:488–491

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Fredberg U, Bolvig L, Pfeiffer-Jensen M et al (2004) Ultrasonography as a tool for diagnosis, guidance of local steroid injection and, together with pressure algometry, monitoring of the treatment of athletes with chronic jumper’s knee and Achilles tendinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Rheumatol 33:94–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Peers KH, Brys PP, Lysens RJ (2003) Correlation between power Doppler ultrasonography and clinical severity in Achilles tendinopathy. Int Orthop 27:180–183

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Reiter M, Ulreich N, Dirisamer A et al (2004) Colour and power Doppler sonography in symptomatic Achilles tendon disease. Int J Sports Med 25:301–305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Richards PJ, Win T, Jones PW (2005) The distribution of microvascular response in Achilles tendonopathy assessed by colour and power Doppler. Skeletal Radiol 34:336–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Sabir N, Demirlenk S, Yagci B et al (2005) Clinical utility of sonography in diagnosing plantar fasciitis. J Ultrasound Med 24:1041–1048

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Bonaldi VM, Chhem RK, Drolet R et al (1998) Iliotibial band friction syndrome: sonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med 17:257–260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Gisslen K, Alfredson H (2005) Neovascularisation and pain in jumper’s knee: a prospective clinical and sonographic study in elite junior volleyball players. Br J Sports Med 39:423–428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Biundo JJ Jr, Irwin RW, Umpierre E (2001) Sports and other soft tissue injuries, tendinitis, bursitis, and occupation-related syndromes. Curr Opin Rheumatol 13:146–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Gibson T (1987) Sports injuries. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1:583–600

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Brasseur JL, Lucidarme O, Tardieu M et al (2004) Ultrasonographic rotator-cuff changes in veteran tennis players: the effect of hand dominance and comparison with clinical findings. Eur Radiol 14:857–864

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Ueblacker P, Gebauer M, Ziegler M et al (2005) Sports injuries and overuse syndromes. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 48:927–938

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Brasseur JL, Zeitoun-Eiss D (2005) Ultrasound of acute disorders of the shoulder. JBR-BTR 88:193–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Abdelwahab IF (2005) Ultrasound of tendon tears. Part 1: general considerations and upper extremity. Skeletal Radiol 34:500–512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Hume PA, Reid D, Edwards T (2006) Epicondylar injury in sport: epidemiology, type, mechanisms, assessment, management and prevention. Sports Med 36:151–170

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Silvestri E, Biggi E, Molfetta L et al (2003) Power Doppler analysis of tendon vascularization. Int J Tissue React 25:149–158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Maganaris CN, Narici MV, Almekinders LC, Maffulli N (2004) Biomechanics and pathophysiology of overuse tendon injuries: ideas on insertional tendinopathy. Sports Med 34:1005–1017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Jacobson JA (2002) Ultrasound in sports medicine. Radiol Clin North Am 40:363–386

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Bianchi S, Poletti PA, Martinoli C (2006) Ultrasound appearance of tendon tears. Part 2: lower extremity and myotendinous tears. Skeletal Radiol 35:63–77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Giuffre BM, Lisle DA (2005) Tear of the distal biceps branchii tendon: a new method of ultrasound evaluation. Australas Radiol 49:404–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Moosikasuwan JB, Miller TT, Burke BJ (2005) Rotator cuff tears: clinical, radiographic, and US findings. Radiographics 25:1591–1607

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Bianchi S, Cohen M, Jacob D (2005) Tendons: traumatic lesions. J Radiol 86:1845–1857

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Hahn P, Schmitt R, Kall S (2001) Stener lesion yes or no? Diagnosis by ultrasound. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 33:46–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Martino, F., Silvestri, E., Grassi, W., Garlaschi, G., Filippucci, E., Martinoli, C. (2007). Pathological findings in rheumatic diseases. In: Martino, F., Silvestri, E., Grassi, W., Garlaschi, G. (eds) Musculoskeletal Sonography. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0548-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0548-8_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0547-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0548-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics