Abstract
The link between heart and mind has represented for centuries an intriguing topic for researchers; it is interesting and at the same time difficult to explore [1]. A number of pathophysiological, epidemiological and clinical studies have emphasized the complex interactions that exist between neural influences and cardiovascular function, both physiologically and in the context of neural or cardiovascular diseases [1].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ramachandruni S, Handberg E, Sheps DS et al (2004) Acute and chronic psychological stress in coronary disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 19:494–499
Schwartz AR, Gerin W, Davidson KW et al (2003) Toward a causal model of cardiovascular responses to stress and the development of cardiovascular disease. Psychosom Med 65:22–35
Parati G, Pomidossi G, Casadei R (1986) Limitations of laboratory stress testing in the assessment of subjects’ cardiovascular reactivity to stress. J Hypertens (suppl 6): S51–S53
Kamarck TW, Lovallo WR, Kamarck TW et al (2003) Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge: conceptual and measurement considerations. Psychosom Med 65:9–21
Hines EA, Brown GF (2006) The cold pressure test for measuring the reactability of the blood pressure: data concerning 571 normal and hypertensive subjects. Am Heart J 11:1–9
Hines EA, Brown GF (1932) A standard stimulus for measuring vasomotor reactions: its applications in the study of hypertension. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 7:332–335
Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J et al (1999) Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation 99:2192–2217
Ayman D, Goldshine AD (1938) Cold as standard stimulus of blood pressure: a study of normal and hypertensive subjects. N Engl J Med 219:650–658
Lind AR, Taylor SH, Humphrey PW et al (1964) The circulatory effects of sustained voluntary muscle contraction. Clin Sci 27:229–244
Thacker EA (1940) A comparative study of normal and abnormal blood pressures among university students, including the cold pressure test. Am Heart J 20:89–95
Shapiro AP, Moutsos SE, Krifcher E (1963) Patterns of pressor response to noxious stimuli in normal, hypertensive and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 42:1890–1898
Pickering GW, Kissing M (1935) The effects of adrenaline and cold on the blood pressure in human hypertension. Clin Sci 2:201–208
Boyer JT, Fraser JRE, Doyle AE (1960) The haemodynamic effects of cold immersion. Clin Sci 19:539–545
Remington RD, Lambarth B, Moser M et al (1960) Circulatory reactions of normotensive and hypertensive subjects and of the children of normal and hypertensive parents. Am Heart J 59:58–70
Greene MA, Boltax AJ, Lustig GA et al (1965) Circulatory dynamics during the cold pressor test. Am J Cardiol 16:54–60
Cuddy RP, Smulyan H, Keighley JF et al (1966) Hemodynamic and catecholamine changes during a standard cold pressor test. Am Heart J 71:446–454
Murakami E, Hiwada K, Kokubu T et al (1980) Pathophysiological characteristics of labile hypertensive patients determined by the cold pressor test. Jpn Circ J 44:438–442
Mancia G, Parati G (1987) Reactivity to physical and behavioural stress and blood pressure variability in hypertension. In: S. Julius and D.R. Basset (eds.) Handbook of hypertension (Vol 9), Amsterdam: Elsevier
Wolff S, Wolf HG (1951) A summary of experimental evidence relating life stress to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension in men. In: Bell ET (ed) Hypertension: a symposium, Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press
Schachter H (1957) Pain, fear, and anger in hypertensives and normotensives: a psychophysiological study. Psychosom Med 19:17–29
Engel BT, Bickford AF (1961) Response specificity. Stimulus-response and individual-response specificity in essential hypertensives. Archives of General Psychiatry 5:478–489
Hollenberg NK, Williams GH, Adams DF et al (1981) Essential hypertension: abnormal renal vascular and endocrine responses to a mild psychological stimulus. Hypertension 3:11–17
Schulte W, Neus H (1983) Hemodynamics during emotional stress in borderline and mild hypertension. Eur Heart J 4:803–809
Richter-Heinrich E, Knust U, Muller W et al (1975) Psychophysiological investigations in essential hypertensives. J Psychosom Res 19:251–258
Fredrikson M, Dimberg U, Frisk-Holmberg M et al (1985) Arterial blood pressure and general sympathetic activation in essential hypertension during stimulation. Acta Medica Scandinavica 217:309–317
Brod J, Fencl V, Hejl Z et al (1959) Circulatory changes underlying blood pressure elevation during acute emotional stress (mental arithmetic) in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Clin Sci 18:269–279
Esler MD, Nestel PJ, Esler MD et al (1973) Renin and sympathetic nervous system responsiveness to adrenergic stimuli in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 32:643–649
Drummond PD (1983) Cardiovascular reactivity in mild hypertension. J Psychosom Res 27:291–297
Fredrikson M, Dimberg U, Frisk-Holmberg M et al (1982) Haemodynamic and electrodermal correlates of psychogenic stimuli in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Biological Psychology 15:63–73
Kamarck TW, Eranen J, Jennings JR et al (2000) Anticipatory blood pressure responses to exercise are associated with left ventricular mass in Finnish men: Kopi Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Circulation 102:1394–1399
Everson SA, Lynch JW, Chesney MA et al (1997) Interaction of workplace demands and cardiovascular reactivity in progression of carotid atherosclerosis: population based study. BMJ 314:553–558
Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE et al (1996) Anticipatory blood pressure response to exercise predicts future high blood pressure in middle-aged men. Hypertension 27:1059–1064
Palatini P, Palomba D, Bertolo O et al (2003) The white-coat effect is unrelated to the difference between clinic and daytime blood pressure and is associated with greater reactivity to public speaking. J Hyperten 21:545–553
Light KC, Light KC (2001) Hypertension and the reactivity hypothesis: the next generation. Psychosom Med 63:744–746
Parati G, Trazzi S, Ravogli A et al (1991) Methodological problems in evaluation of cardiovascular effects of stress in humans. Hypertension 17:III50–III55
Parati G, Pomidossi G, Ramirez A et al (1985) Variability of the haemodynamic responses to laboratory tests employed in assessment of neural cardiovascular regulation in man. Clin Sci 69:533–540
Manuck SB, Kamarck TW, Kasprowicz AS et al (1993) Stability and patterning of behaviorally-evoked cardiovascular reactivity. In: J. Blascovich and E.S. Katkin (eds.) Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress and disease, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Kamarck TW, Jennings JR, Debski TT et al (1992) Reliable measures of behaviorally-evoked cardiovascular reactivity from a PC-based test battery: results from student and community samples. Psychophysiology 29:17–28
Gerin W, Pickering TG, Glynn L et al (2000) An historical context for behavioral models of hypertension. J Psychosom Res 48:369–377
Parati G, Pomidossi G, Casadei R et al (1988) Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of different laboratory stressors and their relationship with blood pressure variability. J Hypertens 6:481–488
McKinney ME, Miner MH, Ruddel H et al (1985) The standardized mental stress test protocol: test-retest reliability and comparison with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Psychophysiology 22:453–463
Turner JR, Sherwood A, Light KC et al (1991) Generalization of cardiovascular response: supportive evidence for the reactivity hypothesis. Int J Psychophysiol 11:207–212
Turner JR, Sherwood A, Light KC et al (1994) Inter-task consistency of hemodynamic responses to laboratory stressors in a biracial sample of men and women. Int J Psychophysiol 17:159–164
Allen MT, Crowell MD, Allen MT et al (1989) Patterns of autonomic response during laboratory stressors. Psychophysiology 26:603–614
Schuler JL, O’Brien WH, Schuler JL et al (1997) Cardiovascular recovery from stress and hypertension risk factors: a meta-analytic review. Psychophysiology 34:649–659
Parati G, Bilo G, Mancia G (2004) Blood pressure measurement in research and clinical practice: recent evidence. Curr Opin Nephr Hypertens 13:343–357
Parati G, Casadei R, Groppelli A et al (1989) Comparison of finger and intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring at rest and during laboratory testing. Hypertension 13:647–655
Pickering TG (1991) Ambulatory monitoring and blood pressure variability. Science Press, London
Imholz BPM, Langewouters GJ, van Montfrans GA (1993) Feasibility of ambulatory continuous 24-hour finger arterial pressure recording. Hypertension 21:65–73
Pickering TG (1991) Ambulatory monitoring and blood pressure variability. Science Press, London
Parati G, Antonicelli R, Guazzarotti F et al (2001) Cardiovascular effects of an earthquake: direct evidence by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 39:e22–e24
Mancia G, Parati G, Di Rienzo M et al (1997) Blood pressure variability. In: Zanchetti A, Mancia G (eds) Blood pressure variability. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science B.V.
Mancia G, Bertinieri G, Grassi G et al (1983) Effects of blood pressure measurement by the doctor on patient’s blood pressure and heart rate. Lancet 2:695–698
Mancia G, Parati G, Pomidossi G et al (1987) Alerting reaction and rise in blood pressure during measurement by physician and nurse. Hypertension 209–215
Mancia G, Di Rienzo M, Parati G (1993) Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring use in hypertension research and clinical practice. Hypertension 21:510–524
Lantelme P, Milon H, Vernet M et al (2000) Difference between office and ambulatory blood pressure or real white coat effect: does it mater in terms of prognosis? J Hypertens 18:379–382
Parati G, Ulian L, Santucciu C et al (1998) Difference between clinic and daytime blood pressure is not a measure of the white coat effect. Hypertension 31:1185–1189
Kaplan GA, Keil JE (1993) Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Circulation 88:1973–1998
Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Davidson KW et al (2005) The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice: the emerging field of behavioral cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:637–651
Rosenbaum DS, Jackson LE, Smith JM et al (1994) Electrical alternans and vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 330:235–241
Poulter NR, Khaw KT, Hopwood BE et al (1990) The Kenyan Luo migration study: observations on the initiation of a rise in blood pressure. BMJ 300:967–972
Pauletto P, Caroli M, Pessina AC et al (1994) Hypertension prevalence and age-related changes of blood-pressure in semi-nomadic and urban Oromos of Ethiopia. Eur J Epidemiol 10:159–164
Nadim A, Amini H, Malek-Afzali H et al (1978) Blood pressure and rural-urban migration in Iran. Int J Epidemiol 7:131–138
Light KC, Girdler SS, Sherwood A et al (1999) High stress responsivity predicts later blood pressure only in combination with positive family history and high life stress. Hypertension 33:1458–1464
Lynch JW, Everson SA, Kaplan GA et al (1998) Does low socioeconomic status potentiate the effects of heightened cardiovascular responses to stress on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis? Am J Public Health 88:389–394
Steptoe A, Cropley M, Johansson M (1999) Job strain, blood pressure and response to uncontrollable stress. J Hypertens 17:193–200
Suadicani P, Hein HO, Gyntelberg F (1993) Are social inequalities as associated with the risk of ischaemic heart disease a result of psychosocial working conditions? Atherosclerosis 101:165–175
Steptoe A, Roy MP, Evans O et al (1995) Cardiovascular stress reactivity and job strain as determinants of ambulatory blood pressure at work. J Hypertens 13:201–210
Kario K, Schwartz JE, Davidson KW et al (2001) Gender differences in associations of diurnal blood pressure variation, awake physical activity, and sleep quality with negative affect. Hypertension 38:997–1002
Goldstein IB, Shapiro D, Chicz-DeMet A et al (1999) Ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and neuroendocrine responses in women nurses during work and off work days. Psychosom Med 61:387–396
TochiKubo O, Ikeda A, Miyajima E et al (1996) Effects of insufficient sleep on blood pressure monitored by a new multibiomedical recorder. Hypertension 27:1318–1324
Schwartz AR, Gerin W, Davidson KW (1991) Effects of anger-recall task on poststress rumination and blood pressure recovery in men and women. Psychophysiology 2000:S12–S13
Esler M, Rumantir M, Kaye D et al (2001) The sympathetic neurobiology of essential hypertension: disparate influences of obesity, stress, and noradrenaline transporter dysfunction? Am J Hypertens 14:139S–146S
Esler M, Jennings G, Lambert G et al (1990) Overflow of catecholamine neurotransmitters to the circulation: source, fate, and functions. Physiol Rev 70:963–985
Esler M, Parati G (2004) Is essential hypertension sometimes a psychosomatic disorder? J Hypertens 22:873–876
Eide I, Kolloch R, De Q, V et al (1979) Raised cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine in some patients with primary hypertension. Hypertension 1:255–260
Ferrier C, Jennings GL, Eisenhofer G et al (1993) Evidence for increased noradrenaline release from subcortical brain regions in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 11:1217–1227
Floras JS (1992) Epinephrine and the genesis of hypertension. Hypertension 19:1–18
Rumantir MS, Jennings GL, Lambert GW et al (2000) The ‘adrenaline hypothesis’ of hypertension revisited: evidence for adrenaline release from the heart of patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 18:717–723
Johansson M, Rundqvist B, Eisenhofer G et al (1997) Cardiorenal epinephrine kinetics: evidence for neuronal release in the human heart. Am J Physiol 273:H2178–H2185
Lampert R, Joska T, Burg MM et al (2002) Emotional and physical precipitants of ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation 106:1800–1805
Lown B, Verrier R, Corbalan R et al (1973) Psychologic stress and threshold for repetitive ventricular response. Science 182:834–836
Verrier RL, Lown B (1984) Behavioural stress and cardiac arrhythmias. Annu Rev Physiol 46:155–176
Lampert R, Jain D, Burg MM (2000) Destabilizing effects of mental stress on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Circulation 101:158–164
Kop WJ, Krantz DS, Nearing BD et al (2004) Effects of acute mental stress and exercise on T-wave alternans in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators and controls. Circulation 109:1864–1869
Lane RD, Laukes C, Marcus FI et al (2005) Psychological stress preceding idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Psychosom Med 67:359–365
Rozanski A, Bairey CN, Krantz DS et al (1988) Mental stress and the induction of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 318:1005–1012
Jiang W, Babyak M, Krantz DS et al (1996) Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia and cardiac events. JAMA 275:1651–1656
Gottdiener JS, Krantz DS, Howell RH et al Induction of silent myocardial ischemia with mental stress testing: relation to the triggers of ischemia during daily life activities and to ischemic functional severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 24:1645–1651
Deanfield JE, Shea M, Kensett M et al (1984) Silent myocardial ischaemia due to mental stress. Lancet 2:1001–1005
Giubbini R, Galli M, Campini R et al (1991) Effects of mental stress on myocardial perfusion in patients with ischemic heart disease. Circulation 83:II100–II107
Yeung AC, Vekshtein VI, Krantz DS (1991) The effects of atherosclerosis on the vasomotor response of the coronary arteries to mental stress. N Engl J Med 325:1551–1556
Gullette EC, Blumenthal JA, Babyak M et al (1997) Effects of mental stress on myocardial ischemia during daily life. JAMA 277:1521–1526
Jain D, Burg M, Soufer R et al (1995) Prognostic implications of mental stress-induced silent left ventricular dysfunction in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 76:31–35
Grignani G, Soffiantino F, Zucchella M et al (1991) Platelet activation by emotional stress in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 83:II128–II136
Levine SP, Towell BL, Suarez AM et al (1985) Platelet activation and secretion associated with emotional stress. Circulation 71:1129–1134
Frimerman A, Miller HI, Laniado S et al (1997) Changes in hemostatic function at times of cyclic variation in occupational stress. Am J Cardiol 79:72–75
Tsuji H, Larson MG, Venditti FJJ (1999) Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events; The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 94:2850–2855
Dekker JM, Crow RS, Folsom AR et al (2000) Low heart rate variability in a 2-minute rhythm strip predicts risk of coronary heart disease and mortality from several causes: the ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis risk in communities. Circulation 102:1239–1244
Bigger JTJ, Fleiss JL, Steinman RC et al (1992) Frequency domain measures of heart rate period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 69:891–898
Mortara A, La Rovere MT, Pinna GD et al (1997) Arterial modulation of the heart in chronic heart failure: clinical and hemodynamic correlates and prognostic implications. Circulation 96:3450–3458
Al-Kubati MA, Fiser B, Siegelova J (1997) Baroreflex sensitivity during psychological stress. Physiol Rev 46:27–33
Conway J, Boon N, Jones JV et al (1983) Involvement of the baroreceptor reflexes in the changes in the blood pressure with sleep and mental arousal. Hypertension 5:746–748
Fauvel JP, Cerutti C, Quelin P et al (2000) Mental stress-induced increase in blood pressure is not related to baroreflex sensitivity in middle-aged healthy men. Hypertension 35:887–891
Fuchs LC, Landas SK, Johnson AK (1997) Behavioural stress alters coronary vascular reactivity in borderline hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 15:301–307
Strawn WB, Bondjers G, Kaplan JR et al (1991) Endothelial dysfunction in response to psychosocial stress in monkeys. Circ Res 68:1270–1279
Ghiadoni L, Donald AE, Cropley M et al (2000) Mental stress induces transient endothelial dysfunction in humans. Circulation 102:2473–2478
Rajagopalan S, Brook R, Rubenfire M et al (2001) Abnormal brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in young adults with major depression. Am J Cardiol 88:196–198
Miller GE, Stetler CA, Carney RM et al (2002) Clinical depression and inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 90:1279–1283
Kop WJ, Gottdiener JS, Tangen CM et al Inflammation and coagulation factors in persons older than 65 years of age with symptoms of depression but without evidence of myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 89:419–424
Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Theroux P et al (2004) The association between major depression and levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes. Am J Psychiatry 161:271–277
Miller GE, Freedland KE, Duntley S et al (2005) Relation of depressive symptoms to C-reactive protein and pathogen burden (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus) in patients with earlier acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 95:317–321
Weber-Hamann B, Hentschel F, Kniest A (2003) Hypercortisolemic depression is associated with increased intra-abdominal fat. Psychosom Med 63:619–630
Matthews KA, Katholi CR, McCreath H et al (2004) Blood pressure reactivity to psychological stress predicts hypertension in the CARDIA study. Circulation 110:74–78
Menkes MS, Matthews KA, Krantz DS et al (1989) Cardiovascular reactivity to the cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension. Hypertension 14:524–530
Wood DL, Sheps SG, Elveback LR et al (1984) Cold pressure test as a predictor of hypertension. Hypertension 6:301–306
Kasagi F, Akahoshi M, Shimaoka K (1995) Relation between cold pressure test and development of hypertension based on 28-year follow-up. Hypertension 25:71–76
Carrol D, Davey Smith G, Sheffield D et al (1996) Blood pressure reactions to the cold pressure test and the prediction of future blood pressure status: data from the Caerphilly study. Journal of Human Hypertension 10:777–780
Harlan WR Jr, Osborne RK (1964) Prognostic value of the cold pressure test and the basal blood pressure based on an eighteen-year follow-up. Am J Cardiol 13:832–837
Armstrong HR (1950) Rafferty J.A. Cold pressure-test follow-up study and for seven years on 166 officers. Am Heart J 39:484–490
Eich RH, Jacobsen EC (2006) Vascular reactivity in medical students followed for 10 yr. Journal of Chronic Diseases 20:583–592
Matthews KA, Woodall KL, Allen MT (1993) Cardiovascular reactivity to stress predicts future blood pressure status. Hypertension 22:479–485
Treiber FA, Kamarck TW, Schneiderman N (2003) Cardiovascular reactivity and development of preclinical and clinical disease states. Psychosom Med 65:46–62
Markovitz JH, Raczynski JM, Wallace D et al (1998) Cardiovascular reactivity to video game predicts subsequent blood pressure increases in young men: The CARDIA study. Psychosom Med 60:186–191
Borghi C, Costa FV, Boschi S et al (1986) Predictors of stable hypertension in young borderline subjects: a five-year follow-up study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 8(Suppl 5): S138–S141
Borghi C, Costa FV, Boschi S et al (1996) Factors associated with the development of stable hypertension in young borderlines. J Hypertens 14:509–517
Falkner B, Kushner H, Onesti G et al (1981) Cardiovascular characteristics in adolescents who develop essential hypertension. Hypertension 3:521–527
Murdison KA, Treiber FA, Mensah G et al (1998) Prediction of left ventricular mass in youth with family histories of essential hypertension. Am J Med Sci 315:118–123
Kapuku GK, Treiber FA, Davis HC et al (1999) Hemodynamic function at rest, during acute stress, and in the field: predictors of cardiac structure and function 2 years later in youth. Hypertension 34:1026–1031
Georgiades A, Lemne C, de Faire U et al (1997) Stress-induced blood pressure measurement predict left ventricular mass over three years among borderline hypertensive men. Eur J Clin Invest 27:733–739
Barnett PA, Spence JD, Manuck SB et al (1997) Psychological stress and the progression of carotid artery disease. J Hypertens 15:49–55
Matthews KA, Owens JF, Kuller LH et al (1998) Stress-induced pulse pressure change predicts women’s carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke 29:1525–1530
Alderman MH, Ooi WL, Madhavan S et al (1990) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 43:859–866
Manuck SB, Olsson G, Hjemdahl P, Rehnqvist N (1992) Does cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress have prognostic value in postinfarction patients? A pilot study. Psychosom Med 54:102–108
Krantz DS, Santiago HT, Kop WJ et al (1999) Prognostic value of mental stress testing in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 84:1292–1297
Ahern DK, Gorkin L, Anderson JL et al (1990) Biobehavioural variables and mortality or cardiac arrest in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study (CAPS). Am J Cardiol 66:59–62
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Parati, G., Valentini, M., Mancia, G. (2006). Psychophysiology of Heart Disease. In: Clinical Psychology and Heart Disease. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0378-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0378-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0377-4
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0378-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)