Abstract
Hand transplantation represents a unique situation from the biological, clinical, psychological and cognitive point of view. The transplanted hand has to be accepted by the recipient, and the recipient’s nerve fibres have to reinnervate nervous pathways, muscles and sensory receptor organs of the donor’s hand. Various factors influencing the nerve regeneration process in such a situation has been discussed elsewhere [1]. However, the sensory motor functions of the transplanted hand are dependent not only on peripheral events in the transplanted body part, but establishment of central projections of the transplanted hand in the motor as well as somatosensory cortex is essential for the functional outcome. The original amputation injury has — in itself — induced extensive cortical reorganisations in the amputee’s brain with disappearance of the hand representation, and functional recovery in the transplanted hand requires reestablishment of hand projectional areas in the motor and somatosensory cortex.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Dahlin LB, Lundborg G (2006) From silent neuroma to reactivation of axonal growth: how a peripheral nerve can start to regenerate into a transplanted hand. In: Lanzetta M, Dubernard JM (eds) Hand Transplantation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
Merzenich MM, Kaas JH, Sur M et al (1978) Double representation of the body surface within cytoarchitectonic areas 3b and 1 in “S1” in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). J Comp Neurol 181:41–7
Merzenich MM, Nelson RJ, Kaas JH et al (1987) Variability in hand surface representations in areas 3b and 1 in adult owl and squirrel monkeys. J Comp Neurol 258:281–297
Merzenich MM, Jenkins WM (1993) Reorganization of cortical representations of the hand following alterations of skin inputs induced by nerve injury, skin island transfers, and experience. J Hand Ther 6:89–104
Kaas JH (1997) Topographic maps are fundamental to sensory processing. Brain Res 44:107–112
Penfield W, Boldrey E (1937) Somatic motor and sensory representations in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain 60:389–443
Hansson T, Brismar T (1999) Tactile stimulation of the hand causes bilateral cortical activation: a functional magnetic resonance study in humans. Neurosci Lett 271:29–32
Bodegard A, Ledberg A, Geyer S et al (2000) Object shape differences reflected by somatosensory cortical activation. J Neurosci 20:RC51
Bodegård A, Geyer S, Naito E et al (2000) Somatosensory areas in man activated by moving stimuli. Neuroreport 11:187–191
Ehrsson HH, Fagergren A, Jonsson T et al (2000) Cortical activity in precision-versus power-grip tasks: an fMRI study. J Neurophysiol 83:528–536
Kaas J (1991) Plasticity of sensory and motor maps in adult mammals. Ann Rev Neurosci 14:137–168
Chen R, Cohen LG, Hallett M (2002) Nervous system reorganization following injury. Neuroscience 111:761–773
Wall JT, Xu J, Wang X (2002) Human brain plasticity: an emerging view of the multiple substrates and mechanisms that cause cortical changes and related sensory dysfunctions after injuries of sensory inputs from the body. Brain Res Rev 39:181–215
Merzenich MM, Nelson RJ, Stryker MS et al (1984) Somatosensory cortical map changes following digit amputation in adult monkeys. J Comp Neurol 224:591–605
Weiss T, Miltner W, Huonker R et al (2000) Rapid functional plasticity of the somatosensory cortex after finger amputation. Exp Brain Res 134:199–203
Code RA, Eslin DE, Juliano SL (1992) Expansion of stimulus-evoked metabolic activity in monkey somatosensory cortex after peripheral denervation. Exp Brain Res 88:341–344
Manger PR, Woods TM, Jones EG (1996) Plasticity of the somatosensory cortical map in macaque monkeys after chronic partial amputation of a digit. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 263:933–939
Pons T, Preston E, Garraghty K (1991) Massive cortical reorganization after sensory deafferetiation in adult macaques. Science 252:1857–1860
Kaas JH, Florence SL, Jain N (1999) Subcortical contributions to massive cortical reorganizations. Neuron 22:657–660
Elbert T, Flor H, Birbaumer N et al (1994) Extensive reorganization of the somatosensory cortex in adult humans after nervous system injury. Neuroreport 5:2593–2597
Ramachandran VS, Stewart M, Rogers-Ramachandran DC (1992) Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization. Neuroreport 3:583–586
Flor H, Elbert T, Wienbruch C et al (1995) Phantomlimb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical organization following arm amputation. Nature 375:482–484
Borsook D, Becerra L, Fishman S et al (1998) Acute plasticity in the human somatosensory cortex following amputation. Neuroreport 9:1013–1017
Flor H, Elbert T, Muhlnickel W et al (1998) Cortical reorganization and phantom phenomena in congenital and traumatic upper-extremity amputees. Exp Brain Res 119:205–212
Knecht S, Henningsen H, Elbert T et al (1995) Cortical reorganization in human amputees and mislocalization of painful stimuli to the phantom limb. Neurosci Lett 201:262–264
Knecht S, Soros P, Gurtler S et al (1998) Phantom sensations following acute pain. Pain 77:209–213
Knecht S, Henningsen H, Hohling C et al (1998) Plasticity of plasticity? Changes in the pattern of perceptual correlates of reorganization after amputation. Brain 121:717–24
Birbaumer N, Lutzenberger W, Montoya P et al (1997) Effects of regional anesthesia on phantom limb pain are mirrored in changes in cortical reorganization. J Neurosci 17:5503–5508
Agius E, Cochard P (1998) Comparison of neurite outgrowth induced by intact and injured sciatic nerves: a confocal and functional analysis. J Neurosci 18:328–338
Wiberg M, Hazari A, Ljungberg C et al (2003) Sensory recovery after hand reimplantation: a clinical, morphological, and neurophysiological study in humans. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 37:163–173
Brenneis C, Loscher WN, Egger KE et al (2005) Cortical motor activation patterns following hand transplantation and replantation. J Hand Surg [Br] 30:530–533
Lundborg G, Björkman A, Larsson EM et al (2005) Cortikal integrering av replanterad hand och osseointegrerad tumprotes-en fMRI studie. Swedish Medical Society Annual Meeting, Stockholm, 30 November to 2 December 2004. [Abstract]
Giraux P, Sirigu A, Schneider F et al (2001) Cortical reorganization in motor cortex after graft of both hands. Nat Neurosci 4:691–692
Lanzetta M, Perani D, Anchisi D et al (2004) Early use of artificial sensibility in hand transplantation. Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg 38:106–111
Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V et al (1996) Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 3:131–141
Rizzolatti G, Craighero L (2004) The mirror-neuron system. Annu Rev Neurosci 27:169–192
Hauk O, Johnsrude I, Pulvermuller F (2004) Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex. Neuron 41:301–307
Keysers C, Wicker B, Gazzola V et al (2004) A touching sight: SII/PV activation during the observation and experience of touch. Neuron 42:335–346
Hansson T, Björkman A, Nylander L et al (2005) Activation of the primary somatosensory cortex during stereoscopic observation of tactile stimulation of the hand. Proceedings, 10th FESSH Congress, Göteborg
Lundborg G (2004) Nerve injury and repair. Regeneration, reconstruction and cortical re-modelling, 2nd Edn. Elsevier, Philadelphia
Bavelier D, Neville HJ (2002) Cross-modal plasticity: where and how? Nat Rev Neurosci 3:443–452
Lundborg G, Rosén B, Lindberg S (1999) Hearing as substitution for sensation — a new principle for artificial sensibility. J Hand Surg [Am] 24:219–224
Lundborg G, Bjorkman A, Hansson T et al (2005) Artificial sensibility of the hand based on cortical audiotactile interaction:A study using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 39:370–372
Rosén B, Lundborg G (2003) Early use of artificial sensibility to improve sensory recovery after repair of the median and ulnar nerve. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 37:54–57
Lundborg G, Rosén B (2003) Enhanced sensory recovery after median nerve repair: Effects of early postoperative artificial sensibility using the sensor glove system. J Hand Surg [Am] 28[Suppl. 1]:38–39
Lanzetta M, Dubernard JM, Owen ER et al (2001) Surgical planning of human hand transplantation. Transplant Proc 33:683
Lanzetta M, Nolli R, Borgonovo A et al (2001) Hand transplantation: ethics, immunosuppression and indications. J Hand Surg [Br] 26:511–516
Dellon AL (ed) (1981) Sensibility and re-education of sensation in the hand. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
Wynn-Parry CB, Salter M (1976) Sensory re-education after median nerve lesions. Hand 8:250–257
Bell-Krotoski J (2002) Sensibility testing with the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament. In: Mackin C, Callahan AD, Skirven TM et al (eds) Rehab of the hand and upper extremity, 5th Edn. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 194–213
American Society for Hand Therapists (ASHT) (1992) Clinical assessment recommendation, 2nd Edn. American Society for Hand Therapists
Rosén B, Lundborg G (1998) A new tactile gnosis instrument in sensibility testing. J Hand Ther 11:251–257
Perani D, Brunelli GA, Tettamanti M et al (2001) Remodelling of sensorimotor maps in paraplegia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study after a surgical nerve transfer. Neurosci Lett 303:62–66
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lundborg, G., Rosén, B. (2007). The Sensor Glove in Preoperative Conditioning and Postoperative Rehabilitation. In: Lanzetta, M., Dubernard, JM., Petruzzo, P. (eds) Hand Transplantation. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0374-3_43
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0374-3_43
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0373-6
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0374-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)