Conservation of Himalayan bioresources: An ecological, economical and evolutionary perspective

Abstract

The Himalayan ranges are the youngest and loftiest among the mountain systems of the world. They represent a highly complex and diversified system both in terms of biological and physical attributes. Their vulnerability toward natural and human-induced disturbances is well recognized. On account of richness and uniqueness of biodiversity elements, the region has been recognized as one of the 34 global biodiversity hotspots. It represents 3 sub-centers (west Himalaya, east Himalaya and north east region) of plant origin, which, respectively, contribute 125, 82 and 132 species of wild relatives. The eastern Himalaya and north eastern sub-centers are known for contribution to Musa and Citrus diversity. The prevailing primitive agricultural systems in the region and conscious and unconscious selections by indigenous farming communities have contributed toward enormous enrichment of genetic diversity in the form of land races. Diversity of representative natural ecosystems (grasslands and woodlands) and richness of endemic bioresources have added to the ecological significance of the Himalaya. Particularly, the alpine grasslands and the forests of the region exhibit unique features. Furthermore, medicinal and wild edible plants add substantially to the ecological and economic value of the region. However, Himalayan ecosystems and their components are highly vulnerable both due to geological reasons and on account of stress caused by increased pressure of population. Also, there are growing indications that the ill effects of these factors may be exacerbated on account of the impact of climate change. This would affect the very sustenance of the indigenous communities living in the uplands as well as downstream areas. Therefore, there is an urgent need for making conscious efforts for conserving all representative systems. In this context, the existing conservation area network in the region, which appears to be stronger than the country average, is one welcome initiative. This network, however, requires strengthening to provide adequate coverage to all representative ecosystems, particularly in north east. Need for a major shift in the conservation approach through community support, and by way of promotion of sustainable use concept, has been suggested to ensure conservation of Himalayan bioresources. This is pivotal for maintaining vital stocks of unique, often endemic elements, for the natural evolutionary processes to continue.