Abstract
Tagore has been accused of capitulating to Western liberal-humanist ideologies, and/or to excessively romanticized Germanic concepts of the ‘volk’: from the political perspective, other critics have faulted his understanding of nationalism by arguing that Tagore misconceived the cultural dimensions of the nation-state. These reproaches are very different from Edward Said’s acknowledgement of what might be termed ‘nationalisms’ when he distinguishes between ‘coercive’ nationalism and nationalist opposition to imperialism. Tagore can certainly be called an anti-statist but not an anti-nationalist if one appreciates his dialectical perception of ‘nation’ as the intersection of ‘swadesh’ and ‘samaj’. This chapter describes this alternative nationalism as Tagore’s ‘vernacular’ nationalism.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Andrews, C.F. 2015. Letters to a Friend: Rabindranath Tagore. Edited with Two Introductory Essays by C.F. Andrews (1928). New York: Routledge.
Berlin, Isaiah. 1996. Rabindranath Tagore and the Consciousness of Nationality. In Berlin, The Sense of Reality: Studies in Ideas and their History, ed. Henry Hardy, 249–266. London: Chatto & Windus.
Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (ed.). 1997. The Mahatma and the Poet: Letters ad Debates Between Gandhi and Tagore, 1915–1941. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
Blickle, Peter. 2002. Heimat: A Critical Theory of the German Idea of Homeland. Rochester, NY: Camden House.
Biswas, Santanu. 2003. Rabindranath Tagore and Freudian Thought. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 84(3): 717–732.
Chattopadhyay, Bankimchandra. 2009. “Confessions of a Young Bengal” (1872). In Inscribing Identity: English Essays from Nineteenth-Century Bengal, ed. Krishna Sen, 42–46. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co.
Collins, Michael. 2008. Rabindranath Tagore and Nationalism: An Interpretation. Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics (ISSN 1617-5069). Working Paper 42. Oct 2008.
Das, Sisir Kumar (ed.). 1994. The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore, Volume One (Poems). New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Das, Sisir Kumar (ed.). 1996. The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore: A Miscellany. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Dasgupta, Uma. 2004. Rabindranath Tagore, a Biography. Delhi: OUP.
Dutta, Krishna, and Andrew Robinson (eds.). 1997. Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eigler, Friedricke, and Jens Kugle (eds.). 2012. Heimat: At the Intersection of Memory and Space. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyiere GmbH & Co.
Frost, Catherine. 2006. Morality and Nationalism. Routledge Innovations in Political Science Series. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Frost, Mark R. 2012. Beyond the Limits of Nation and Geography: Rabindranath Tagore and the Cosmopolitan Moment 1916–1920. Cultural Dynamics 24(2–3): 143–158.
Fukuzawa, Yukichi. Datsu-a Ron (Goodbye Asia, 1885). http://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/18797/1/K. Accessed 18 Nov 2013.
Gandhi, M.K. 1997. Hind Swaraj and Other Writings, ed. Anthony J. Parel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hay, Stephen. 1970. Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and His Critics in Japan, China and India. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hilu, Virginia (ed.). 1972. Beloved Prophet: The Love Letters of Kahlil Gibran and Mary Haskell, and Her Private Journal. New York: Alfred P. Knopf.
Hobsbawm, E.J. 1990. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hogan, Patrick Colm and Lalita Pandey (eds.). 2003. Rabindranath Tagore: Universality and Tradition. Cranbury NJ: Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp.
Hu Shih. ‘Rabindranath Tagore in China’. 1961. Taiwan Review. http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/. Accessed 20 Aug 2013 (Past Issues).
Jelnikar, Ana. ‘Rabindranath Tagore and Srečko Kosovel: A Joint Perspective in a Disjointed World.’ http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/Jelnikar_kosovel.html. Accessed 06 June 2013.
Korom, Frank. 2006. The Role of Folklore in Tagore’s Vernacular Nationalism. In Tagore and Modernity, ed. Krishna Sen, and Tapati Gupta, 34–58. Kolkata: Dasgupta & Co.
Kymlicka, Will. 2001. Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Citizenship. Oxford: OUP.
Leossi, Althea S. (ed.). 2001. Encyclopedia of Nationalism. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.
Lukács, Georg. (1992). ‘Tagore’s Gandhi Novel’ (1922). Georg Lukács Online Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/1922/tagore.htm. Accessed 20 Sept 2015.
Machofsky, Brenda. 2010. Thinking Allegory Otherwise. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
McKinn, Rober, and Jeff McMahan (eds.). 1997. The Morality of Nationalism. Oxford: OUP.
Miscevik, Nenad. 2001. Nationalism and Beyond: Introducing Moral Debates About Values. New York: Central European University Press.
Nandy, Ashis. 1994. The Illegitimacy of Nationalism: Rabindranath Tagore and the Politics of Self. New Delhi: OUP.
Noguchi, Yone. 1938. Poet to Poet: Full Text of the Correspondence Between Yone Noiguchi and Rabindranath Tagore on the Sino-Japanese Conflict. Santiniketan: Visva Bharati Quarterly, Nov 1938.
Nussbaum. Martha. 1994. Pariotism and Cosmopolitanism. Boton Review. http://bostonreview.net/martha-nussbaum-patriotism-and-cosmopolitanism. Accessed 5 Oct 2015.
Nussbaum. Martha. 2013. Political Emotions: Why Love Matters to Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Özkirimili, Umut. 2010. Theories of Nationalism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pearson, William Winstanley. 1917. Shantiniketan: The Bolpur School of Rabindranath Tagore. https://archive.org/stream/shantiniketan00pear/shantiniketan00pear_djvu.txt. Accessed 12 Oct 2015.
Pobozniak, Tadeusz. 1961. Tagore in Poland. In Rabindranath Tagore: A Centenary, vol. 1861–1961, ed. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, 348–356. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Rolland, Romain. 1976. Romain Rolland and Gandhi Correspondence: Letters, Diary Extracts, Articles etc. New Delhi: Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
Rorty, Richard. 1994. The Unpatriotic Academy. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/13/opinion/the-unpatriotic-academy.html. Accessed 5 Oct 2015.
Said, Edward. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. London: Vintage Books.
Sen, Amartya. 2005. The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity. London: Penguin Books.
Sen, Krishna. 2013. Nation, No-Nation and Desh: Post-Orientalism and the National Allegory in Rushdie’s Shalimar the Clown and Vassanji’s The Assassin’s Song. In Writing India Anew: Indian English Fiction 2000-2010, ed. Krishna Sen, and Rituparna Roy. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Sil, Narasingha P. 2011. Rabindranath tagore’s Nationalist Thought: A Retrospect. In Alternative Turkish Journal of International Relations. https://www.alternativejournal.net. Accessed 8 Sept 2015.
Smith, Anthony D. 1998. Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism. London and New York: Routledge.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://www.google.co.in/search?sourceid=chrome-psyapi2&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8&q=stanford%20encyclopedia%. Accessed 12 Sept 2015.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 2010. Samagra Prabandha (Collected Essays), vol. I, II and III. Calcuta: Bikash Grantha Bhavan.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 2008. Raja (1910). Kolkata: Visva Bharati Granthanbibhag.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 2001. Nationalism (1917). New Delhi: Macmillan.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1997. Gora (1910). Sahitya Akademi: English Translation by Sujit Mukherjee. New Delhi.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1996. Creative Unity (1922). In The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore, volume two, ed. Sisir Kumar Das, 493–569. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1989. Bangla Sabdatattwa. Rabindra Rachanabali, vol. X, 593–848. Kolkata: A Government of West Bengal Publication.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1962a. Letters from a Sojourner in Europe (Europe Probashir Patra, 1881). Rabindra Rachanabali (The Complete Works of Rabindranath), vol. XI, 229–341. Calcutta: A West Bengal Govt. Publication.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1962b. Diary of a Traveller in Europe (Europe Jatrir Diary I & II, 1891 & 1893). Rabindra Rachanabali, vol. XI, 343–476. Calcutta: A West Bengal Govt. Publication.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1962c. Memoir (Jibansmriti, 1912). Rabindra Rachanabali, vol. XI, 3–125. Calcutta: A West Bengal Govt. Publication.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1962d. Treasuures of the Road (Pather Sanchay, 1912). Rabindra Rachanabali, vol. XI, 859–954. Calcutta: A West Bengal Govt. Publication.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1962e. In Persia (Parasye, 1932). Rabindra Rachanabali, vol. XI, 747–802. Calcutta: A West Bengal Govt. Publication.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1931. The Religion of Man. (The Hibbert Lectures, 1930, at Oxford University) New York: Macmillan.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1914. The King of the Dark Chamber. English Translation of Raja by Kshitish Chandra Sen. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914; Delhi: Macmillan India rpt. 2001.
Tagore, Saranindranath. 2008. Tagore’s Conception of Cosmopolitanism: A Reconstruction. University of Toromto Quarterly, 77(4): 1070–1084.
Tamblin, Jeremy. 2010. Allegory. The New Critical Idiom Series. Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge.
Trivedi, Harish. 1993. Colonial Transactions: English Literature and India. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Vivekananda, Swami. 1997. The East and the West. Collected Works of Swami Vivekananda, vol. V. Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama.
Winternitz, Moritz. 2011. Rabindranath Tagore: The Poet’s Religion and World Vision (Rabindranath Tagore: Religion und Weltanschauung des Dichters, 1936). Translation by Debabrata Chakrabarti. Kolkata: Winternitz Society for Literature and Culture.
Yack, Bernard. 2012. Nationalism and the Moral Psychology of Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sen, K. (2017). 1910 and the Evolution of Rabindranath Tagore’s Vernacular Nationalism. In: Tuteja, K., Chakraborty, K. (eds) Tagore and Nationalism. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3696-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3696-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-3695-5
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-3696-2
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)