Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Springer Geology ((SPRINGERGEOL))

Abstract

The recent discovery of a 750 million years old sponge-like organism, Otavia antiqua [Figs. 2.2(1–5)], a calcareous sponge with Ca-based skeleton, from the Cryogenian–Ediacaran successions of Namibia (South Africa) makes sponges the oldest living animal (Brain et al. 2012; Maloof et al. 2010) [Figs. 2.2(6, 7)].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bergquist, P. 1998. Porifera. In Invertebrate zoology, ed. D. Anderson, 10–27. USA: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, R.S., Cheetham, A.H. and A.J. Rowell. eds. 1992. Fossil invertebrates. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borchiellini, C., M. Manuel, E. Alivon, N. Boury-Esnault, J. Vacelet, and Y. Le Parco. 2002. Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14(1): 171–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boury-Esnault, N., and K. Rützler. 1997. Thesaurus of sponge morphology. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 596: 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brain, C.K., Prave, A.R., Hoffmann, K.H. et al. 2012. The first animals: ca. 760-million-year-old sponge-like fossils from Namibia. South Africa Journal of Science 108(1/2), Art. #658. 10.4102/sajs.v108i1/2.658.

  • Butler, P. 1962. Morphologic classification of sponge spicules, with descriptions of siliceous spicules from the Lower Ordovician Bellefonte Dolomite in central Pennsylvania. Journal of Paleontology, 191–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrera, M.G., and J.P. Botting. 2008. Evolutionary history of Cambrian spiculate sponges: implications for the Cambrian evolutionary fauna. Palaios 23: 124–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson, E.N.K. 1993. Invertebrate palaeontology and evolution. London: Chapman and Hall. 434 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Laubenfels, M. 1955. Porifera. Treatise on Invertebrate paleontology, 21–112. Lawrence: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vos, L., Ruetzler, K., Boury-Esnault, N., Donadey, C. and J. Vacelet. 1992. Atlas of sponge morphology. Atlas de morphologie des Èponges. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debrenne, F. and J. Vacelet. 1984. Archaeocyatha: is the sponge model consistent with their structural organization? In 4th international symposium on fossil Cnidaria, New York, 358–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debrenne, F. 2007. Lower Cambrian archaeocyathan bioconstructions. Comptes Rendus Palevol, Paris 6(1–2): 5–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dohrmann, M., C. Göcke, D. Jannussen, J. Reitner, C. Lüter, et al. 2012. Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163: 1003–1025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gehling, J.G., and J.K. Rigby. 1996. Long expected sponges from the neoproterozoic ediacara fauna of South Australia. Journal of Paleontology 2: 185–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, J.N.A. 1991. Revision of the family Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae), with description of Australian species. Invertebr. Taxon. 5(6): 1179–1418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, J.N.A. and R.W.M. Van Soest. 2002. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, (2 vols.) 1708 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, J.N.A., and F. Wiedenmayer. 1994. Porifera. In Zoological catalogue of Australia, edited by Wells, A., Vol. 12, 1–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerner, A., Vignes-Lebbe, R. and F. Debrenne. 2012. Computer-aided identification of the Archaeocyatha genera now available online. Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology, Brest, Letter 2011/02 (CG2011_L02), pp. 99–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi, C., Barton, J., Guillemet, C., Bras, E., Lehuede, P. 1989. A remarkably strong natural glassy rod: the anchoring spicule of theMonorhaphis sponge. Journal of Materials Science Letters 8: 337–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, G. D., Grosjean, E., Stalvies, C., et al. 2009. Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period. Nature 457: 718–722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado, M., Carmona, M.G., Uriz, M.J. and A. Cruzado. 1999. Decline in Mesozoic reef-building sponges explained by silicon limitation. Nature 401: 785–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maloof, A., Rose, C., Beach, R., Samuels, B., Calmet, C., Erwin, D., Poirier, G., Yao, N., and F. Simons. 2010. Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia. Nature Geoscience. doi:10.1038/ngeo934.

  • May, A. 2008. Corals (Anthozoa, Tabulata and Rugosa) and chaetetids (Porifera) from the Devonian of the Semara area (Morocco) at the Museo Geominero (Madrid, Spain) and their biogeographic significance: Bulletin dell’Institut Scientifique Rabat, Section Sciences de la Terre 30: 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, W.E.G. 2003. Sponges (Porifera), Springer, Berlin, 258 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philippe, H., Derelle, R., Lopez, P., et al. 2009. Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships. Current Biology 19: 706–712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pick, K.S., Philippe, H., Schreiber, F., et al. 2010. Improved phylogenomic taxon sampling noticeably affects nonbilaterian relationships. Molecular Biology Evolution 27: 1983–1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rigby, J.K., Budd, G.E., Wood, R.A., and F. Debrenne. 1993. Porifera. In The fossil, record edited by Benton, M.J., Vol. 2, 71–99. Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperling, E. A., Robinson, J. M., Pisani, D., and K.J. Peterson. 2010. Where’s the glass? Biomarkers, molecular clocks, and microRNAs suggest a 200‐Mry missing Precambrian fossil record of siliceous‐sponge spicules. Geobiology 8: 24–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suchy, D.R., and R.R. West. 2001. Chaetetid buildups in a Westphalian (Desmoinesian) cyclothem in Southeastern Kansas: Palaios 16(5): 425–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uriz, M., Turon, X., Becerro, M., and G. Agell. 2003. Siliceous spicules and skeleton frameworks in sponges: origin, diversity, ultrastructural patterns, and biological functions. Microscopy Research and Technique 62: 279–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Soest, R.W.M. 1991. Demosponge Higher Taxa Classification Re-Examined. In J. Reitner, H. Keupp (eds), Fossil and Recent Sponges. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg: 54–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Soest, R.W.M., Van Kempen, T.M.G., and J.-C. Braekman, eds. 1994. Sponges in time and space. In Proceedings of the 4th international sponge symposium, 515 p. Balkema: Rotterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X., Schroder, H., and W. Muller. 2009. Giant siliceous spicules from the deep-sea glass sponge Monorhaphis chuni. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology 273: 69–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuravleva, I.T. 1960. Arkheotsiaty Sibirskoy Platformy (Archaeocyaths of the Siberian Platform). Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 344 p.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sreepat Jain .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jain, S. (2017). Sponges. In: Fundamentals of Invertebrate Palaeontology. Springer Geology. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3658-0_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics