Abstract
The current chapter focuses on the various aspects of mindfulness. The chapter begins with a brief introduction on the conceptual definitions and historical perspective of mindfulness with special focus on difference between Buddhist and Western concept of mindfulness. It then converges to explain the different mindfulness-based intervention programs currently established in the field. The different existing mindfulness scales to measure the construct are also reviewed. The chapter then gives a brief relevance to the test construction of a mindfulness scale followed by the procedure of development and validation of a new mindfulness measure by authors. Each phase of test construction for English and Hindi version of mindfulness has been discussed in detail. The chapter concludes with discussion centering on the newly developed mindfulness scale and its validation in Indian setting.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arch, J. J., & Craske, M. G. (2010). Laboratory stressors in clinically anxious and non-anxious individuals: The moderating role of mindfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(6), 495–505.
Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L., & Peters, J. R. (2012). Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 230–238.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report the Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–206.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45.
Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modelling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139–161.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 11(3), 230–241.
Bodner, T. E., & Langer, E. J. (2001, June). Individual differences in mindfulness: the mindfulness/mindlessness scale. In Poster presented at the 13th annual American Psychological Society Convention, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Bowlin, S. L., & Baer, R. A. (2012). Relationships between mindfulness, self-control, and psychological functioning. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 411–415.
Bränström, R., Duncan, L. G., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2011). The association between dispositional mindfulness, psychological well-being, and perceived health in a Swedish population-based sample. British journal of health psychology, 16(2), 300–316.
Breslin, F. C., Zack, M., & McMain, S. (2002). An information-processing analysis of mindfulness: Implications for relapse prevention in the treatment of substance abuse. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(3), 275–299.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(4), 822.
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological inquiry, 18(4), 211–237.
Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008). The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance the Philadelphia mindfulness scale. Assessment, 15(2), 204–223.
Cash, M., & Whittingham, K. (2010). What facets of mindfulness contribute to psychological well-being and depressive, anxious, and stress-related symptomatology? Mindfulness, 1(3), 177–182.
Cerny, B. A., & Kaiser, H. F. (1977). A study of a measure of sampling adequacy for factor-analytic correlation matrices. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 12(1), 43–47.
Census of India. (2011). Retrieved from http://censusindia.gov.in/
Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., Kuipers, E., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: reliability and validity of the Southampton mindfulness questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(4), 451–455.
Chen, S. –Y., & Zhou, R. –L. (2013). Validation of a Chinese version of the freiburg mindfulness inventory-short version. Mindfulness, 5(5) 529–535.
Cherie, L., & Dianne, V. B. (2010). Savouring and mindfulness as predictors of subjective well-being. School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University.
Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2011). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry research, 187(3), 441–453.
Christopher, M. S., Charoensuk, S., Gilbert, B. D., Neary, T. J., & Pearce, K. L. (2009). Mindfulness in Thailand and the United States: A case of apples versus oranges? Journal of clinical psychology, 65(6), 590–612.
Coffey, K. A., Hartman, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Deconstructing mindfulness and constructing mental health: Understanding mindfulness and its mechanisms of action. Mindfulness, 1(4), 235–253.
Conte, H. R., Ratto, R., & Karasu, T. B. (1996). The psychological mindedness scale: Factor structure and relationship to outcome of psychotherapy. The Journal of psychotherapy practice and research, 5(3), 250.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and individual differences, 13(6), 653–665.
Dekeyser, M., Raes, F., Leijssen, M., Leysen, S., & Dewulf, D. (2008). Mindfulness skills and interpersonal behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1235–1245.
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H., & Covi, L. (1974). The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. Behavioral science, 19(1), 1–15.
Erisman, S. M., Salters-Pedneault, K., & Roemer, L. (2005). Emotion regulation and mindfulness. In Poster presented at the annual convention of the association for advancement of behavior therapy. Washington, DC (November 17–20, 2005).
Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177–190.
Feros, D. L., Lane, L., Ciarrochi, J., & Blackledge, J. T. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for improving the lives of cancer patients: A preliminary study. Psycho-Oncology, 22(2), 459–464.
Giluk, T. L. (2009). Mindfulness, big five personality, and affect: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 805–811.
Giluk, T. L. (2010). Mindfulness-based stress reduction: Facilitating work outcomes through experienced affect and high-quality relationships.
Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 10(1), 83.
Govern, J. M., & Marsch, L. A. (2001). Development and validation of the situational self-awareness scale. Consciousness and cognition, 10(3), 366–378.
Grégoire, S., Bouffard, T., & Vezeau, C. (2012). Personal goal setting as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3).
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of psychosomatic research, 57(1), 35–43.
Guardiola-Wanden-Berghe, R., Gil-Pérez, J. D., Sanz-Valero, J., & Wanden-Berghe, C. (2011). Evaluating the quality of websites relating to diet and eating disorders. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 28(4), 294–301.
Hansen, E., Lundh, L. G., Homman, A., & Wångby-Lundh, M. (2009). Measuring mindfulness: pilot studies with the Swedish versions of the mindful attention awareness scale and the Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38(1), 2–15.
Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: science and practice, 11(3), 255–262.
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour research and therapy, 44(1), 1–25.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. Guilford Press.
Heidenreich, T., Tuin, I., Pflug, B., Michal, M., & Michalak, J. (2006). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for persistent insomnia: A pilot study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(3), 188–189.
Herndon, F. (2008). Testing mindfulness with perceptual and cognitive factors: External vs. internal encoding, and the cognitive failures questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(1), 32–41.
Höfling, V., Ströhle, G., Michalak, J., & Heidenreich, T. (2011). A short version of the Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 639–645.
Hohaus, L. C., & Spark, J. (2013). 2672–Getting better with age: do mindfulness & psychological well-being improve in old age? European Psychiatry, 28, 1.
Hu & Bentler. (1999).Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Coventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
Hunter, J., & McCormick, D. W. (2008). Mindfulness in the workplace: An exploratory study. In SE Newell (Facilitator), Weickian Ideas. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Anaheim, CA.
Inchausti, F., Prieto, G., & Delgado, A. R. (2014). Rasch Analysis of the Spanish version of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) in a clinical sample. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition), 7(1), 32–41.
Irving, J. A., Dobkin, P. L., & Park, J. (2009). Cultivating mindfulness in health care professionals: A review of empirical studies of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 15(2), 61–66.
Iverson, K. M., Shenk, C., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2009). Dialectical behavior therapy for women victims of domestic abuse: A pilot study. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(3), 242.
Jimenez, S. S., Niles, B. L., & Park, C. L. (2010). A mindfulness model of affect regulation and depressive symptoms: Positive emotions, mood regulation expectancies, and self-acceptance as regulatory mechanisms. Personality and individual differences, 49(6), 645–650.
Johnston, M., Foster, M., Shennan, J., Starkey, N. J., & Johnson, A. (2010). The effectiveness of an acceptance and commitment therapy self-help intervention for chronic pain. The Clinical journal of pain, 26(5), 393–402.
Jones, L., Hastings, R. P., Totsika, V., Keane, L., & Rhule, N. (2014). Child behavior problems and parental well-being in families of children with autism: The mediating role of mindfulness and acceptance. American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities, 119(2), 171–185.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General hospital psychiatry, 4(1), 33–47.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: The program of the stress reduction clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. New York: Delta.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2006). Mindfulness for beginners [UNABRIDGED](Audio CD). Sounds True.
Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401–415.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36.
Kanter, J. W., Baruch, D. E., & Gaynor, S. T. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy and behavioral activation for the treatment of depression: Description and comparison. The Behavior Analyst, 29(2), 161.
Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical psychology review, 31(6), 1041–1056.
Keyes, C. L. M. (2009). Brief description of the mental health continuum short form (MHC-SF). Retrieved from http://www. sociology.emory.edu/ckeyes/. [Online, retrieved January 15, 2010]
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., … & Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 763–771.
Kiken, L. G., & Shook, N. J. (2014). Does mindfulness attenuate thoughts emphasizing negativity, but not positivity? Journal of research in personality, 53, 22–30.
Kim, B., Cho, S. J., Lee, K. S., Lee, J. Y., Choe, A. Y., Lee, J. E., … & Lee, S. H. (2013). Factors associated with treatment outcomes in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for panic disorder. Yonsei medical journal, 54(6), 1454-1462.
Kim, Y. W., Lee, S. H., Choi, T. K., Suh, S. Y., Kim, B., Kim, C. M., … & Song, S. K. (2009). Effectiveness of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy in patients with panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and anxiety, 26(7), 601–606.
Kingsbury, E. (2009). The relationship between empathy and mindfulness: Understanding the role of self-compassion. ProQuest Information & Learning.
Kuan, T. (2008). Mindfulness in early Buddhism: New approaches through psychology and analysis of Pali. Routledge, Madison, New York: Chinese and Sanskrity Sources.
Kuyken, W., Byford, S., Taylor, R. S., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., et al. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 76(6), 966.
Lamers, S., Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., ten Klooster, P. M., & Keyes, C. L. (2011). Evaluating the psychometric properties of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF). Journal of clinical psychology, 67(1), 99–110.
Langer, E. J. (1989). Minding matters: The consequences of mindlessness–mindfulness. Advances in experimental social psychology, 22, 137–173.
Lanza, P. V., & Menéndez, A. G. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for drug abuse in incarcerated women. Psicothema, 25(3), 307–312.
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., … & Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto mindfulness scale: Development and validation. Journal of clinical psychology, 62(12), 1445–1468.
Leigh, J., Bowen, S., & Marlatt, G. A. (2005). Spirituality, mindfulness and substance abuse. Addictive behaviors, 30(7), 1335–1341.
León, J., Fernández, C., Grijalvo, F., & Núñez, J. (2013). Assessing mindfulness: The Spanish version of the mindfulness attention awareness scale. Evaluando el mindfulness: la versión en castellano del instrumento Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale. Estudios De Psicología, 34(2), 175–184.
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Dialectical behavior therapy for treatment of borderline personality disorder: Implications for the treatment of substance abuse. NIDA research monograph, 137, 201.
Lykins, E. L., & Baer, R. A. (2009). Psychological functioning in a sample of long-term practitioners of mindfulness meditation. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 226–241.
Lynch, T. R., Morse, J. Q., Mendelson, T., & Robins, C. J. (2003). Dialectical behavior therapy for depressed older adults: A randomized pilot study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(1), 33–45.
Ma, S. H., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: Replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 72(1), 31.
Mackenzie, C. S., Poulin, P. A., & Seidman-Carlson, R. (2006). A brief mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention for nurses and nurse aides. Applied Nursing Research, 19(2), 105–109.
Mandal, S. P., Arya, Y. K., & Pandey, R. (2011). Mindfulness, emotion regulation and subjective wellbeing: An overview of pathways to positive mental health. Indian Journal of Social Science Research, 8(1–2), 159–167.
Marlatt, G. A. (2002). Buddhist psychology and the treatment of addictive behavior. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 44–49.
Mars, T. S., & Abbey, H. (2010). Mindfulness meditation practise as a healthcare intervention: A systematic review. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 13(2), 56–66.
Menon, P., Doddoli, S., Singh, S., & Bhogal, R. S. (2014). Personality correlates of mindfulness: A study in an Indian setting. Yoga Mimamsa, 46(1), 29.
Milani, A., Nikmanesh, Z., & Farnam, A. (2013). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in reducing aggression of individuals at the Juvenile correction and rehabilitation center. International journal of high risk behaviors & addiction, 2(3), 126.
Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and cognition, 18(1), 176–186.
Niazi, A. K., & Niazi, S. K. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction: a non-pharmacological approach for chronic illnesses. North American journal of medical sciences, 3(1), 20.
Pavot, W., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1998). The temporal satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70(2), 340–354.
Piet, J., Hougaard, E., Hecksher, M. S., & Rosenberg, N. K. (2010). A randomized pilot study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and group cognitive-behavioral therapy for young adults with social phobia. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(5), 403–410.
Preacher, K. J., & MacCallum, R. C. (2002). Exploratory factor analysis in behavior genetics research: Factor recovery with small sample sizes. Behavior Genetics, 32, 153–161.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied psychological measurement, 1(3), 385–401.
Radoń, S. (2014). Pięciowymiarowy Kwestionariusz Uważności: Polska adaptacja. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 17(4), 711–758.
Raes, F., Dewulf, D., Van Heeringen, C., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009). Mindfulness and reduced cognitive reactivity to sad mood: Evidence from a correlational study and a non-randomized waiting list controlled study. Behaviour research and therapy, 47(7), 623–627.
Ramel, W., Goldin, P. R., Carmona, P. E., & McQuaid, J. R. (2004). The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive processes and affect in patients with past depression. Cognitive therapy and research, 28(4), 433–455.
Rasmussen, M. K., & Pidgeon, A. M. (2011). The direct and indirect benefits of dispositional mindfulness on self-esteem and social anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24(2), 227–233.
Robins, C. J., Keng, S. L., Ekblad, A. G., & Brantley, J. G. (2012). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on emotional experience and expression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of clinical psychology, 68(1), 117–131.
Roemer, L., Lee, J. K., Salters-Pedneault, K., Erisman, S. M., Orsillo, S. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2009). Mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder: Preliminary evidence for independent and overlapping contributions. Behavior Therapy, 40(2), 142–154.
Roth, B., & Creaser, T. (1997). Mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction: Experience with a bilingual inner-city program. The nurse practitioner, 22(3), 150–178.
Russell, D. W. (2002). In search of underlying dimensions: The use (and abuse) of factor analysis in PSPB. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1629–1646.
Sauer, S., Walach, H., Schmidt, S., Hinterberger, T., Lynch, S., Büssing, A., et al. (2013). Assessment of mindfulness: Review on state of the art. Mindfulness, 4(1), 3–17.
Schmidt, S. (2011). Mindfulness in east and west–is it the same? In Neuroscience, consciousness and spirituality, pp. 23–38. Springer Netherlands.
Schoormans, D., & Nyklíček, I. (2011). Mindfulness and psychologic well-being: Are they related to type of meditation technique practiced? The journal of alternative and complementary medicine, 17(7), 629–634.
Sears, S., & Kraus, S. (2009). I think therefore I om: Cognitive distortions and coping style as mediators for the effects of mindfulness meditation on anxiety, positive and negative affect, and hope. Journal of clinical psychology, 65(6), 561–573.
Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., Williams, J. M., & Gemar, M. C. (2002). The mindfulness-based cognitive therapy adherence scale: inter-rater reliability, adherence to protocol and treatment distinctiveness. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 9(2), 131–138.
Sepp, H. R., & Embree, L. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of phenomenological aesthetics, vol. 59. Springer Science & Business Media.
Shapiro, S. L., & Izett, C. D. (2008). Meditation: A universal tool for cultivating empathy. Mindfulness and the therapeutic relationship, 161-175.
Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Bonner, G. (1998). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students. Journal of behavioral medicine, 21(6), 581–599.
Sharma, M. P., Mao, A., & Sudhir, P. M. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive behavior therapy in patients with anxiety disorders: A case series. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 34(3), 263.
Shier, M. L., & Graham, J. R. (2011a). Mindfulness, subjective well-being, and social work: Insight into their interconnection from social work practitioners. Social Work Education, 30(1), 29–44.
Shier, M. L., & Graham, J. R. (2011b). Work-related factors that impact social work practitioners’ subjective well-being: Well-being in the workplace. Journal of Social Work, 11(4), 402–421.
Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Meditation Awareness Training (MAT) for improved psychological well-being: A qualitative examination of participant experiences. Journal of religion and health, 53(3), 849–863.
Singh, K. (2014). Relationship of demographic variables, socio-cultural issues and selected psychological constructs with the positive mental health of north Indian adolescents. ICMR Project Report.
Singh, K., Bassi, M., Junnarkar, M., & Negri, L. (2015). Mental health and psychosocial functioning in adolescence: an investigation among indian students from delhi. Journal of adolescence, 39, 59–69.
Slade, M. (2010). Mental illness and well-being: The central importance of positive psychology and recovery approaches. BMC Health Services Research, 10(1), 26.
Ströhle, G., Nachtigall, C.; Michalak, J. & Heidenreich, T. (2010). Die Erfassung von Achtsamkeit als mehrdimensionales Konstrukt: Die deutsche Version des Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS). Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 39, 1–12. [IF: 0,449]
Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2007). Everyday mindfulness and mindfulness meditation: Overlapping constructs or not? Personality and Individual Differences, 43(7), 1875–1885.
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of personality and social psychology, 76(2), 284.
Trousselard, M., Steiler, D., Raphel, C., Cian, C., Duymedjian, R., Claverie, D., et al. (2010). Validation of a French version of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory-short version: Relationships between mindfulness and stress in an adult population. BioPsychoSocial medicine, 4(8), 1–11.
Wachs, K., & Cordova, J. V. (2007). Mindful relating: Exploring mindfulness and emotion repertoires in intimate relationships. Journal of Marital and Family therapy, 33(4), 464–481.
Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness—The Freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1543–1555.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063.
Weinstein, N., Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 374–385.
West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Whetten, D. A., & Cameron, K. S. (2007). Developing management skills (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Wolfsdorf, B. A., & Zlotnick, C. (2001). Affect management in group therapy for women with posttraumatic stress disorder and histories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 169–181.
Wongtongkam, N., Ward, P. R., Day, A., & Winefield, H. (2013). Reliability and vailidity of self-reported questionnaires related to adolescent violence and consequences, Thailand. International journal of social science studies, 1(2), 82–92.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Singh, K., Junnarkar, M., Kaur, J. (2016). Mindfulness and Its Assessment. In: Measures of Positive Psychology. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3631-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3631-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-3629-0
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-3631-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)