Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops pp 173–198Cite as

Semiochemicals in Mealybugs

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1485 Accesses

Abstract

Females of several species of mealybugs produce pheromones which attract the males. Abdominal glands were suspected to be the source of pheromones in various species. Most of the mealybug pheromones are carboxyl esters of monoterpene alcohols and racemic mixtures were also observed to be effective than enantiomers. Identification and synthesis of pheromones for economically important species like Planococcus citri (Risso), Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana), Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) were established. Green delta, Pheroco IIB and Pherocon V were some of the traps used successfully for the management of mealybugs. Pheromones were successfully used for monitoring the populations of Pl. citri, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn), and Saccharicoccus sacchari(Cockerell). Sprable microencapsule formulation of pheromone effectively reduced the incidence of M. hirsutus to 3-4% in treated plots compared to 9 t0 11 % in control plots. Creation of "male vacuum" by advocating male annihilation technique through installation of pheromone traps at the edge of fields was suggested as successful mass trapping method for Pl. citri . Rate of parasitism by Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault)was improved in Pl. ficus through the use of pheromones.

A semiochemical (from Greek semeon meaning “signal”) is a generic term used for a chemical substance or mixture that carries a message for purpose of communication. Semiochemical communication can be divided into two broad classes: communication between individuals of the same species (intraspecific) or communication between different species (interspecific). It is usually used in the field of chemical ecology to encompass pheromones, allomones, kairomones, attractants, and repellents. Many insects, including parasitic insects, use semiochemicals, which are natural chemicals released by an organism that affect the behaviors of other individuals. Pheromones are intraspecific signals that aid in finding mates, food and habitat resources, warning of enemies, and avoiding competition. Interspecific signals known as allomones and kairomones have similar functions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Afifi SA (1968) Morphology and taxonomy of the adult males of the families Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bull Brit Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol 13(Suppl):1–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad R, Ghani MA (1970) A note on the rearing of scale insects and mealybugs on potato tubers and cucurbit fruits. Technical Bulletin, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, 13, pp 105–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Allsopp PG (1991) Binomial sequential sampling of adult Saccharicoccus sacchari on sugarcane. Entomol Exp Appl 60:213–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arai T (2002) Attractiveness of sex pheromone of Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) to adult males in a citrus orchard. Appl Entomol Zool 37:69–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arai T, Sugie H, Hiradate S, Kuwahara S, Itagaki N, Nakahata T (2003) Identification of a sex pheromone component of Pseudococcus cryptus. J Chem Ecol 29:2213–2223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baeckstroem P, Li L (1990) A one pot procedure for the deoxygenation of α, β-unsaturated ketones and a synthesis of the mealybug pheromone. Synth Commun 20:1481–1485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baeckstrom P, Bjorkling F, Hogberg HE, Norin T (1984) Cross-coupling of vinyl cuprates and allylic halides and synthesis of the Comstock mealybug pheromone via photooxidation of 2,6-dimethyl-2,5-heptadiene. Acta Chem Scand B 38:779–782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakonyi JM (2012) Improved synthesis of the longtailed mealybug pheromone. Master’s theses, Paper 231. http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/gstheses/231

  • Bell VA, Walker JTS, Shaw PW, Wallis RD, Suckling DM, Millar JG (2005) Mealybug monitoring and the use of sex pheromone in Hawke’s Bay & Nelson apple orchards. HoRt Res internal report no 17359, 12 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell VA, Suckling DM, Walker JTS, Millar JG, Manning LA, El-Sayed AM (2008) Obscure mealybug pheromone is the kairomone of an introduced parasitoid in New Zealand. In: Proceedings of XXIII international congress on entomology, 6–12 July 2008, Durban (Abstract). Available at http://www.ice2008.org.za/pdf/proceedings.pdf

  • Bichina TI, Kovalev BG, Smetnik AI, Vaganova LD (1982) A test of the pheromone of the Comstock mealybug [Russian]. Zashchita Rastenii 10:46

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierl-Leonhardt BA, Moreno DS, Schwarz M, Fargerlund J, Plimmer JR (1981) Isolation, identification and synthesis of the sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso). Tetrahedron Lett 22:389–392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bierl-Leonhardt BA, Moreno DS, Schwarz M, Forster HS, Plimmer JR, DeVilbiss ED (1982) Isolation, identification, synthesis, and bioassay of the pheromone of the comstock mealybug and some analogs. J Chem Ecol 8:689–699

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Branco M, Jactel H, Franco JC, Mendel Z (2006) Modelling response of insect trap captures to pheromone dose. Ecol Model 197:247–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calatayud PA, Auger J, Thibout E, Rousset S, Caicedo AM, Calatayud S, Buschmann H, Guillaud J, Mandon N, Bellotti AC (2001) Identification and synthesis of a kairomone mediating host location by two parasitoid species of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus herreni. J Chem Ecol 27:2203–2217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsen PHJ, Odden W (1984) Synthesis of the female sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug, Planoccus citri (Risso). Acta Chem Scand B 38:501–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chacko MJ, Bhat PK, Rao LVA, Deepak Singh MB, Ramanarayan BP, Sreedharan K (1978) The use of the lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri for the control of coffee mealybugs. J Coff Res 9:14–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Chibiryaev A, Rukavishnikov AV, Tkachev AV, Volodarskii LB (1991) New synthesis of the sex pheromone of the mealybug Planococcus citri from a -pinene. Zh Org Khim 27:1209–1213

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cocco A, Coinu M, Lentini A, Serra G, Delrio G (2011) Mating disruption field trials to control the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus. IOBC/WPRS Bull 67:215–221

    Google Scholar 

  • da Silva EB, Fortuna T, Franco JC, Campos L, Branco M, Zada A, Mendel Z (2009a) Does the parasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci respond to the sex pheromone of major host-mealybug species? IOBC/WPRS Bull 41:147

    Google Scholar 

  • da Silva EB, Fortuna T, Franco JC, Campos L, Branco M, Zada A, Mendel Z (2009b) Kairomonal response of a parasitic wasp to the sex pheromone of the vineyard mealybug. IOBC/WPRS Bull 41:79–82

    Google Scholar 

  • da Silva EB, Mouco J, Antunes R, Mendel Z, Franco JC (2009c) Mate location and sexual maturity of adult male mealybugs: narrow window of opportunity in a short lifetime. IOBC/WPRS Bull 41:3–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Daane KM, Bentley WJ, Millar JC, Walton VM, Cooper ML, Biscay P, Yokota GY (2008) Integrated management of mealybugs in California vineyards. Acta Hortic 785:235–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daane KM, Middleton MC, Sforza R, Cooper ML, Walton VA, Walsh DB, Zaviezo T, Almeida PP (2011) Development of a multiplex PCR for identification of vineyard mealybugs. Mol Ecol Evol 40(6):1595–1603

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Alfonso I, Hernandez E, Velazquez Y, Navarro I, Primo J (2012) Identification of the sex pheromone of the mealybug Dysmicoccus grassii Leonardi. J Agric Food Chem 60(48):11959–11964

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debarro PJ (1991) Sampling strategies for above and below ground populations of Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) on sugarcane. J Aust Entomol Soc 30:19–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doane CC (1966) Evidence for a sex attractant in females of the red pine scale. J Econ Entomol 59:1539–1540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duelli P (1985) A new functional interpretation of the visual system of male scale insects (Coccida, Homoptera). Experientia 41:1036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunkelblum E (1999) Scale insects. In: Hardie J, Minks AK (eds) Pheromones of non-lepidopteran insects. CAB International, Oxon, UK, pp 251–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkelblum E, Ben-Don Y, Goldschmidt Z, Wolk JL, Somekh L (1986) Synthesis and field bioassay of the sex pheromone and some analogues of the citrus mealubug Planococcus citri (Risso). Bollatino de-laboratorio di Entomologia Agraia “Filippo Silvestri” 43(Suppl):149–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkelblum E, Ben-Don Y, Goldschmidt Z, Wolk JL, Somekh L (1987) Synthesis and field bioassay of some analogs of sex pheromone of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso). J Chem Ecol 13:863–871

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunkelblum E, Zada A, Gross S, Fraistat P, Mendel Z (2002) Sex pheromone and analogues of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri: synthesis and biological activity. IOBC WPRS Bull 25:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Sayed AM, Unelius RC, Twidle A, Mitchell V, Manning LA, Cole L, Suckling DM, Flores MF, Zaviezo T, Bergmann J (2010) Chrysanthemyl 2-acetoxy-3-methylbutanoate: the sex pheromone of the citrophilous mealybug, Pseudococcus calceolariae. Tetrahedron Lett 51:1075–1078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fall Y, Vanbac N, Langlois Y (1986) Synthesis of the pheromone of the Comstock mealybug via a sila-cope elimination. Tetrahedron Lett 27:3611–3614

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fargerlund J, Moreno DS (1974) A method of handling card traps in mealybug, scale surveys. Citrograph 60(1):26–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Figadere BA, McElfresh JS, Borchardt D, Daane KM, Bentley W, Miller JG (2007) Trans a-necrodyl isobutyrate, the sex pheromones of the grape mealybug Pseudococcus maritimus. Tetrahedron Lett 48:8434–8437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis A, Bloem KA, Roda AL, Lapointe SL, Zhang A, Onokpise O (2007) Development of trapping methods with a synthetic sex pheromone of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Flor Entomol 90:440–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franco JC, Russo A, Suma P, Silva EB, Dunkelblum E, Mendel Z (2001) Monitoring stratagies for the citrus mealybug in citrus orchards. Bolletino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicotura 33(3):297–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco JC, Suma P, Silva ED, Mendel Z (2003) Management strategies of mealybug pests of citrus in Mediterranean countries. Bull OILB/SROP 26(6):137

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco JC, Gross S, Silva EB, Suma P, Russo A, Mendel Z (2004a) Is mass-trapping a feasible management tactic of the citrus mealybug in citrus orchards? An Inst Sup Agron 49:353–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco JC, Suma P, Silva ED, Blumberg D, Mendel Z (2004b) Management strategies of mealybug pests of citrus in Mediterranean countries. Phytoparasitica 32(5):507–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franco JC, Antunes R, Lemos R, Pinto A, Campos L, Silva EB, Branco M, Mendel Z (2008a) Do mealybug males respond to visual cues when approaching pheromone sources? In: Branco M, Franco JC, Hodgson CJ (eds) Proceedings of the XI International Symposium Scale Insect Studies, Oeiras, Portugal, 24–27 September 2007. ISA Press, Oeiras, Portugal, pp 230–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco JC, Fortuna T, Silva EB, Da Suma P, Russo A, Campos L, Branco M, Zada A, Mendel Z (2008b) May vine mealybug sex pheromone improve the biological control of the citrus mealybug? IOBC/WPRS Bull 38:94–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco JC, Silva EB, Cortegano E, Campos L, Branco M, Zada A, Mendel Z (2008c) Kairomonal response of the parasitoid Anagyrus spec. nov near pseudococci to the sex pheromone of the vine mealybug. Entomol Exp Appl 126:122–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franco JC, Zada A, Mendel Z (2009) Novel approaches for the management of mealybug pests. In: Ishaaya I, Horowitz AR (eds) Biorational control of arthropod pests. Springer Science + Business Media B.V., Dordrecht, pp 233–278. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2316-2_10

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco JC, da Silva EB, Fortuna T, Cortegano E, Branco M, Suma P, La Torre I, Russo A, Elyahu M, Protasov A, Levi-Zada A, Mendel Z (2011) Vine mealybug sex pheromone increases citrus mealybug parasitism by Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci (Girault). Biol Control 58(3):230–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geiger CA, Daane KM (2001) Seasonal movement and distribution of the grape mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): developing a sampling program for San Joaquin Valley vineyards. J Econ Entomol 94:291–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Gaona E, Sanchez-Martinez G, Zhang A, Lozano-Gutierrez J, Carmona-Sosa F (2010) Validation of two pheromonal compounds for monitoring pink hibiscus mealybug in Mexico. Agrociencia (Montecillo) 44(1):65–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Gullan PJ, Kosztarab M (1997) Adaptations in scale insects. Annu Rev Entomol 42:23–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hajare AK, Datrange LS, Vyas S, Bhuniya D, Reddy DS (2010) Enantiospecific synthesis of sex pheromone of the obscure mealybug from pantolactone via tandem conjugate addition/cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 51(40):5291–5293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto K, Morita A, Kuwahara S (2008) Enantioselective synthesis of a mealybug pheromone with an irregular monoterpenoid skeleton. J Org Chem 73:6913–6915

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hefetz A, Tauber O (1990) Male response to the synthetic sex pheromone of Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hom.: Diaspidae) and its application for population monitoring. J Appl Entomol 109:502–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinkens DM, McElfresh JS, Millar JG (2001) Identification and synthesis of the sex pheromone of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus. Tetrahedron Lett 42:1619–1622

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho HY, Hung CC, Chuang TH, Wang WL (2007) Identification and synthesis of the sex pheromone of the passionvine mealybug, Planococcus minor (Maskell). J Chem Ecol 33:1986–1996

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho HY, Su YT, Ko CH, Tsai MY (2009) Identification and synthesis of the sex pheromone of the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green. J Chem Ecol 35:724–732

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho HY, Ko CH, Cheng CC, Su YT, Someshwar P (2011) Chirality and bioactivity of the sex pheromone of Madeira mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). J Econ Entomol 104(3):823–826

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang JS, Chu YI (1987a) The development of sex pheromone traps for the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso). Plant Prot Bull (Taiwan) 29(3):297–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang JS, Chu YI (1987b) A bioassay method of the sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso). [Chinese]. Plant Prot Bull (Taiwan) 29(3):307–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishchenko RI, Veselovskii VV, Moiseenkov AM, Cheskis BA, Kovalev BG (1989) Synthesis of the racemic sex pheromone of Pseudococcus comstocki. Chem Nat Comp 25:118–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi MD, Butani PG, Patel VN, Jeyakumar P (2010) Cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley – A review. Agric Rev 31:113–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang SK, Park CS (1990) A synthesis of (±)-3-acetoxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene, the sex pheromone of the Comstock mealybug. Org Prep Proced Int 22:627–629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kol-Maimon H, Levi-Zada A, Franco JC, Dunkelblum E, Protasov A, Eliyaho M, Mendelb Z (2010) Male behaviors reveal multiple pherotypes within vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera; Pseudococcidae) populations. Naturwissenschaften 97(12):1047–1057

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kukovinets OS, Zvereva TI, Kesradze VG, Galin FZ, Frolova LL, Kuchin AV, Sprikhin LV, Abdullin MI (2006) Novel synthesis of Planococcus citri pheromone. Chem Nat Comp 42(2):216–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurhade SE, Siddiah V, Bhumiya D, Reddy DS (2013) Synthesis of a sex pheromone of the long tailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus. Synthesis 45:1689–1692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larcheveque M, Petit Y (1989) Preparation of enantiomerically pure χ-hydroxy esters and χ -hydroxy aldehydes. Application to the enantiospecific synthesis of the sex pheromone of the mealybug Pseudococcus comstocki. Bull Soc Chim Fr 1:130–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu F, Li W, Wang Y, Lin J (1995) Convenient syntheses of some analogs of the sex pheromone of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso). Synth Commun 25:3837–3843

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour R, Suma P, Mazzeo G, Buonocore E, Lebdi KG, Russo A (2010) Using a kairomone based attracting system to enhance biological control of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) by Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in Sicilian vineyards. J Entomol Acarol Res 42(3):161–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Ferrer MT, Ripolles JL, Garcia-Mari F (2006) Enumerative and binomial sampling plans for citrus mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in citrus groves. J Econ Entomol 99:993–1001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough DW, Bhupathy M, Piccolino E, Cohen T (1991) Highly efficient terpenoid pheromone synthesis via regio and stereo controlled processing of allylthiums generated by reductive lithiat. Tetrahedron 47:9727–9736

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendel Z, Dunkelblum E, Branco M, Franco JC, Kurosawa S, Mori K (2003) Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of diene modified analogs of Matsucoccus sex pheromones. Naturwissenschaften 90:313–317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendel Z, Protasov A, Zada A, Assael F, Jasrotia P, Franco JC (2008) Longevity and sexual maturity of an adult male mealybug. In: Branco M, Franco JC, Hodgson CJ (eds) Proceedings of the XI International Symposium Scale Insect Studies, Oeiras, Portugal, 24–27 September 2007. ISA Press, Oeiras, Portugal, p 121

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendel Z, Jasrotia P, Protasov A, Kol-Maimon H, Zada AL, Franco JC (2012) Responses of second-instar male nymphs of four mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) to conspecific and heterospecific female sex pheromones. J Insect Behav 25(5):504–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyerdirk DE, Newell IM (1979) Seasonal development and flight activity of Pseudococcus comstocki in California. Ann Entomol Soc Am 72(4):492–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millar JG (2008) Stereospecific synthesis of the sex pheromone of the passionvine mealybug, Planococcus minor. Tetrahedron Lett 49(2):315–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millar JG, Midland SL (2007) Synthesis of the sex pheromone of the obscure mealybug, the first example of a new class of monoterpenoids. Tetrahedron Lett 48(36):6377–6379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millar JG, Daane KM, McElfresh JS, Moreira JA, Malakar-Kuenen R, Guillen M, Bentley WJ (2002) Development and optimization of methods for using sex pheromone for monitoring the mealybug Planococcus ficus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in California vineyards. J Econ Entomol 95:706–714

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millar JG, Daane KM, McElfresh JS, Moreira JA, Bentley WJ (2005a) Chemistry and applications of mealybug sex pheromones. In: Petroski RJ, Tellez MR, Behle RW (eds) Semiochemicals in pest and weed control. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Millar JG, Midland SL, Mcelfresh S, Daane KM (2005b) (1R,2R,3S)-(2,3,4,4-tetramethylcyclopentyl) methyl acetate, a sex pheromone from the obscure mealybug: first example of a new structural class of monoterpenes. J Chem Ecol 31:2999–3005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millar JG, Moreira JA, McElfresh JS, Daane KM, Freund AS (2009) Sex pheromone of the longtailed mealybug: a new class of monoterpene structure. Org Lett 11:2683–2685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno DS, Reed DK, Shaw JG, Newell I (1972) Sex lure survey trap for Comstock mealybug. Citrograph 58(2):43, 68

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno DS, Fargerlund J, Ewart WH (1984) Citrus mealybug (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) – behavior of males in response to sex-pheromone in laboratory and field. Ann Entomol Soc Am 77:32–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori K, Ueda H (1981) Pheromone synthesis. Part XLV. Synthesis of the optically active forms of 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-ol acetate, the pheromone of the Comstock mealybug. Tetrahedron 37:2581–2583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mudavanhu P, Addison P, Ken LP (2011) Monitoring and action threshold determination for the obscure mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) using pheromone-baited traps. Crop Prot 30(7):919–924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa N, Mori K (1984) Pheromone synthesis. Part 69. New syntheses of (R)-(+)-3-acetoxy-2, 6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene, the pheromone of the Comstock mealybug. Agr Biol Chem Tokyo 48:2799–2803

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakahata T, Itagaki N, Arai T, Sugie H, Kuwahara S (2003) Synthesis of the sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug, Pseudococcus cryptus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 67:2627–2631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Negishi T, Ishiwatari T, Asano S (1980a) Sex pheromone of the Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana; bioassay method, male response-habits to the sex pheromone [Japanese]. Jpn J Appl Entomol Zool 24(1):1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negishi T, Uchida M, Tamaki Y, Mori K, Isiwatari T, Asano S, Nakagawa K (1980b) Sex pheromone of the comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana: isolation and identification. Appl Entomol Zool 15:328–333

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nestel D, Cohen H, Saphir N, Klein M, Mendel Z (1995) Spatial distribution of scale insects – comparative study using Taylor’s power-law. Environ Entomol 24:506–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odinokov VN, Kukovinets OS, Isakova LA, Zainullin RA, Moiseenkov AM, Tolstikov GA (1984a) New synthesis of the sex pheromone of Planococcus citri (Risso). Dokl Akad NaukSSSR+ 279:398–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Odinokov VN, Kukovinets OS, Isakova LA, Zainullin RA, Moiseenkov AM, Tolstikov GA (1984b) Ozonolysis of alkenes and study of reactions of polyfunctional compounds.43. Synthesis of (1R,3R)-(+)-cis-1-acetoxymethyl-3-isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutane – sex pheromone of grape mealy bugs (Planococcus citri) and its (1S,3S)-(−)-cis-enantiomer. Zh Org Khim 27:555–558

    Google Scholar 

  • Odinokov VN, Kukovinets OS, Isakova LA, Zainullin RA, Moisunkov AM, Tolstikov GA (1991) Ozonolysis of alkenes and study of reactions of polyfunctional compounds. 43. Synthesis of (1R 3R)-(+)-cis-acetoxy-methyl-3-isopropenyl-2,2-dimethyl cyclobutane- the sex pheromone of grape mealy bug (Planococcus citri) and its (1S, 3S)- (−)-cis enantiomer. Zh Org Khim 27:555–558

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ortu S, Delrio G (1982) Osservazion sull’impiego in campo del feromone sessuali di sintesi di Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Coccoidae). Estratto da Redia 65:341–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortu S, Cocco A, Lentini A (2006) Utilisation of sexual pheromones of Planococcus ficus and Planococcus citri in vineyards. Bull OILB/SROP 29:207–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Panis A (1981) Mealybugs (Homoptera, Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) within the framework of integrated control in Mediterranean citrus-growing [French]. Rev Zool Agric Pathol Veg 78(3):88–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Passaro LC, Webster FX (2004) Synthesis of the female sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri. J Agric Food Chem 52:2896–2899

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powell W, Pickett JA (2003) Manipulation of parasitoids for aphid pest management: progress and prospects. Pest Manag Sci 59:149–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera SB, Swedlund BD, King GJ, Bell RN, Hussey CE, Shattuck-Eidens DM, Wrobel WM, Peiser GD, Poulter CD (2001) Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase: isolation of the gene and characterization of the recombinant non-head-to-tail monoterpene synthase from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:4373–4378

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roelofs WL, Gieselmann MJ, Carde AM, Tashiro H, Moreno DS, Henrick CA, Anderson RJ (1978) Identification of the California red scale sex pheromone. J Chem Ecol 4:211–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rotundo G (1978) Mass isolation of virgin females of Pseudococcus calceolariae (Mask.) (Homoptera, Coccoidea) by the use of a juvenile hormone (Italian). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’ Portici 35:162–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotundo G, Tremblay E (1975) Sull’ attractivitá delle femmine vergini di due specie dePseudococcidi (Homoptera: Coccoidea) per un Imenottero parassita (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). Boll Lab Entomol Agrar F Silvestri Portici 32:172–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotundo G, Tremblay E (1976) Simple extraction and bioassay of the female sex pheromone of the Citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri. Ann Appl Biol 82(1):165–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rotundo G, Tremblay E (1980) Evaluation of the daily rate of sex pheromone release by the females of two mealybug species (Homoptera Coccoidea Pseudococcidae). Boll Lab Entomol Agrar F S Portici 37:167–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotundo G, Tremblay E (1982) Preliminary report on the attractivity of the synthetic pheromone of Planococcus citri (Rs.) (Homoptera:Coccoidea) in comparison to virgin females. Boll Lab Entomol Agrar F S 39:97–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotundo G, Gaston LK, Horey HH (1979a) Collection and purification of the female sex pheromone of Pseudococcus calceolariae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria “Filippo Silvestri”. Portici 36:160–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotundo G, Tremblay E, Giacometti R (1979b) Final results of mass captures of the citrophilous mealybug males Pseudococcus calceolariae (Mask.) (Homoptera Coccoidea) in a citrus grove. Boll Lab Entomol Agrar F S Portici 36:266–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotundo G, Tremblay E, Papa P (1980) Short-range orientation of Pseudococcus calceolariae (Mask.) males (Homoptera Coccoidea) in a wind tunnel. Boll Lab Entomol Agrar F S Portici 37:31–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Serebryakov EP, Suslova LM, Moiseenkov AM, Shavyrin SV, Zaikina NV, Sorochinskaya AM, Kovalev BG (1986) Terpenes in organic syntheses. 1. Synthesis of (1R,3S)-1-(acetoxymethyl)-3-isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutane (sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug) from verboxide. Ser Khim 7:1603–1607

    Google Scholar 

  • Serrano MS, Lapointe SL, Meyerdirk DE (2001) Attraction of males by virgin females of the mealybug. Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Environ Entomol 30(2):339–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw PW, Walis DR (2011) Pheromone trap and crop infestation monitoring of mealybug species in Nelson apple orchards. N Z Plant Protect 64:291

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw P, Wallis D, Charles J (2012) Recent records of the mealybug parasitoid Alamella mira Noyes (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) captured in citrophilus mealybug (Pseudococcus calceolariae) sex pheromone traps in Nelson. The Weta 42:34–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Skatteboel L, Stenstroem Y (1989) Facile synthesis of racemic 3-acetoxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene, the sex pheromone of the Comstock mealybug. Acta Chem Scand 43:93–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smetnik AI, Rozinskaya EM (1988) A new method is introduced. Zashchita Rateni Moskva 3:42–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith HS, Armitage HM (1920) Biological control of mealybugs attacking citrus. California Agric Expt Sta Bull 9:104–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugie H, Teshiba M, Narai Y, Tsutsumi T, Sawamura N, Tabata J, Hiradate S (2008) Identification of a sex pheromone component of the Japanese mealybug, Planococcus kraunhiae (Kuwana). Appl Entomol Zool 43(3):369–375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabata J, Narai Y, Sawamura N, Hiradate S, Sugie H (2012) A new class of mealybug pheromones: a hemiterpene ester in the sex pheromone of Crisicoccus matsumotoi. Naturwissenschaften 99(7):567–574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tashiro H, Chambers DL (1967) Reproduction in the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Homoptera: Diaspididae). I Discovery and extraction of a female sex pheromone. Ann Entomol Soc Am 60(6):935–940

    Google Scholar 

  • Tauber O, Sternlicht M, Hefetz A (1985) Preliminary observations on the behavior of male Planococcus citri exposed to the synthetic sex pheromone, with reference to its applicability for population monitoring. Phytoparasitica 13:148

    Google Scholar 

  • Teshiba M, Shimizu N, Sawamura N, Narai Y, Sugie H, Sasaki R, Tabata J, Tsutsumi T (2009) Use of a sex pheromone to disrupt the mating of Planococcus kraunhiae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Jpn J Appl Entomol Zool 53(4):173–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thulasiram HV, Erickson HK, Poulter CD (2008) A common mechanism for branching, cyclopropanation, and cyclobutanation reactions in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. J Am Chem Soc 130:1966–1971

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida M, Nakagawa K, Negishi T, Asano S, Mori K (1981) Synthesis of 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-ol acetate, the pheromone of the Comstock mealybug Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana, and its analogs. Agric Biol Chem Tokyo 45:369–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ujita K, Saeki K (2008) Process for preparation of 2-isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexen-1-yl 3-methyl-2-butenoate. PCT Int Appl Patent WO 2008075468

    Google Scholar 

  • Unelius CR, El-Sayed AM, Twidle A, Bunn B, Zaviezo T, Flores MF, Bell V, Bergmann J (2011) The absolute configuration of the sex pheromone of the citrophilous mealybug, Pseudococcus calceolariae. J Chem Ecol 37(2):166–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitullo J, Wang S, Zhang A, Mannion C, Bergh JC (2007) Comparison of sex pheromone traps for monitoring pink hibiscus mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). J Econ Entomol 100:405–410

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walton VM, Daane KM, Pringle KL (2004) Monitoring Planococcus ficus in South African vineyards with sex pheromone-baited traps. Crop Prot 23:1089–1096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walton VM, Daane KM, Bentley WJ, Millar JG, Larsen TE, Malakar-Kuenen R (2006) Pheromone based mating disruption of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in California vineyards. J Econ Entomol 99:1280–1290

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waterworth RA, Redak RA, Millar JG (2011) Pheromone-baited traps for assessment of seasonal activity and population densities of mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in nurseries producing ornamental plants. J Econ Entomol 104(2):555–565

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolk JL, Goldschmidt Z, Dunkelblum E (1986) A short stereoselective synthesis of (+)-cisplanococcyl acetate, sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso). Synthesis 4:347–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zada A, Dunkelblum E (2006) A convenient resolution of racemic lavandulol through lipasecatalyzed acylation with succinic anhydride: simple preparation of enantiomerically pure (R)-lavandulol. Tetrahedron-Asymmetry 17:230–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zada A, Harel M (2004) Enzymatic transesterification of racemic lavandulol: preparation of the two enantiomeric alcohols and of the two enantiomers of lavandulyl senecioate. Tetrahedron-Asymmetry 15:2339–2343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zada A, Dunkelblum E, Assael F, Harel M, Cojocaru M, Mendel Z, Pellizzari G (2001) Identification of a second sex pheromone component of the vine mealybug. Boll Zool Agrar Bach 33(275):281

    Google Scholar 

  • Zada A, Dunkelblum E, Assael F, Harel M, Cojocaru M, Mendel Z (2003) Sex pheromone of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus in Israel: occurrence of a second component in a mass-reared population. J Chem Ecol 29:977–988

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zada A, Dunkelblum E, Harel M, Assael F, Gross S, Mendel Z (2004) Sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri: synthesis and optimization of trap parameters. J Econ Entomol 97:361–368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zada A, Dunkelblum E, Assael F, Franco JC, da Silva EB, Protasov A, Mendel Z (2008) Attraction of Planococcus ficus males to racemic and chiral pheromone baits: flight activity and bait longevity. J Appl Entomol 132(6):480–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang AJ, Amalin D (2005) Sex pheromone of the female pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): biological activity evaluation. Environ Entomol 34:264–270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang AJ, Nie JY (2005) Enantioselective synthesis of the female sex pheromone of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus. J Agric Food Chem 53(7):2451–2455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang AJ, Amalin D, Shirali S, Serrano MS, Franqui RA, Oliver JE, Klun JA, Aldrich JR, Meyerdirk DE, Lapointe SL (2004) Sex pheromone of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, contains an unusual cyclobutanoid monoterpene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:9601–9606

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang AJ, Wang SF, Vitullo J, Roda A, Mannion C, Bergh JC (2006) Olfactory discrimination among sex pheromone stereoisomers: chirality recognition by pink hibiscus mealybug males. Chem Sens 31:621–626

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zou YF, Millar JG (2011) Stereoselective synthesis of the obscure mealybug pheromone by hydrogenation of a tetra substituted alkene precursor. Tetrahedron Lett 52(32):4224–4226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zou YF, Daane KM, Bentley WJ, Millar JG (2010) Synthesis and bioassay of racemic and chiral trans-alpha-necrodyl isobutyrate, the sex pheromone of the grape mealybug Pseudococcus maritimus. J Agric Food Chem 58(8):4977–4982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bangalore, 560024, India

    N. Bakthavatsalam

Authors
  1. N. Bakthavatsalam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to N. Bakthavatsalam .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. of Horticultural Research, Indian Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    M. Mani

  2. Indian Institute of Horticultural Resear, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    C. Shivaraju

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bakthavatsalam, N. (2016). Semiochemicals in Mealybugs. In: Mani, M., Shivaraju, C. (eds) Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops . Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2677-2_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation