Abstract
Hemorrhoids are symptomatic dilated anal cushions. These cushions consist of thickened submucosa, sinusoids, elastic and connective tissue, and some smooth muscle fibers. The hemorrhoidal disease should be reserved for those anal cushions which are abnormal and symptomatic. The word “hemorrhoid” is derived from the Greek words, haem (blood) and rhoos (flowing), meaning flowing of blood. The word “pile” means pill or a ball. So we should call this disease piles when the patient complains of a swelling and hemorrhoids when the presenting symptom is bleeding.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Abo-hashem AA, Sarhan A, Aly AM. Egypt Harmonic Scalpel Compared with bipolar electro-cautery hemorrhoidectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Surg. 2010;8(3):243–7.
Agbo SP. Surgical management of haemorrhoids. J. Surg Tech Case Rep. 2011;3(2):68–75.
Aigner F, Bodner G, Conrad F, et al. The Superior rectal artery and its branching pattern with regards to its clinical influence on ligation techniques for internal haemorrhoids. Am J Surg. 2004;187:102–8.
Alonso-Coello P, Mills E, Heels-Ansdell D, et al. Fiber for the treatment of hemorrhoid complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:181–8.
Armstrong DN, Ambroze WL, Schertzer ME, et al. Harmonic Scalpel vs. electrocautery hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective evaluation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44(4):558–64.
Baron J. Office ligation treatment of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 1963;6:109–13.
Bulus H, Tas A, Coskun A, et al. Evaluation of two haemorrhoidectomy techniques: harmonic scalpel and Ferguson’s with electrocautery. Asian J Surg. 2014;37(1):20–3.
Burkitt DP. Varicose veins, deep vein thrombosis and haemorrhoids: epidemiology and suggested aetiology. Br Med J. 1972;2(5813):556–61.
Burkitt DP. Dietary fibre and pressure disease. J.R Coll. Physicians Lond. 1975;9(2):138–46.
Bursics A, Morvay K, Kupcsulik P, et al. Comparison of early and 1-year follow-up results of conventional hemorrhoidectomy and hemorrhoid artery ligation: a randomized study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2004;19:176–80.
Carapeti EA, Kamm MA, McDonald PJ, et al. Double-blind randomized controlled trial of effect of metronidazole on pain after day-case haemorrhoidectomy. Lancet. 1998;351:169–72.
Chau NG, Bhatia S, Raman M. Pylephlebitis and pyogenic liver abscesses: a complication of hemorrhoidal banding. Can J Gastroenterol. 2007;21:601–3.
Chung CC, Ha JP, Tai YP, et al. Double-blind randomized trial comparing Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy, bipolar scissors haemorrhoidectomy and scissors excision: ligation technique. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45(6):789–94.
Chung CC, Cheung HY, Chan ES, et al. Stapled haemorrhoidopexy vs Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy: a randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(6):1213–9.
Dal Monte PP, Tagariello C, Sarago M, et al. Transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialisation: nonexcisional surgery for the treatment of haemorrhoidal disease. Tech Coloproctol. 2007;11(4):333–8.
Faucheron JL, Gangner Y. Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids: early and three-year follow-up results in 100 consecutive patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:945–9.
Giordano P, Overton J, Madeddu F, et al. Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(9):1665–71.
Guy RJ, Soew-Choen F. Septic complications after treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg. 2003;90:147–56.
Ho YH, Soew-Choen F, Tan M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of open and closed haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 1997;84:1729–30.
Hoffman G. Stapled haemorrhoidopexy: a new device and method of performance without using a pursestring suture. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;49:135–42.
Infantino A, Bellomo R, Dal Monte PP, et al. Transanal haemorrhoidal artery echodoppler ligation and anopexy (THD) is effective for II and III degree haemorrhoids: a prospective multicentric study. Colorectal Dis. 2010;12(8):804–9.
Ivanou D, Babovic S, Selesi D, et al. Harmonic Scalpel haemorrhoidectomy; a painless procedure. Med Pregl. 2007;60(9–10):421–6.
Jacobs DM, Bubrick MP, Onstad GR, et al. The relationship of haemorrhoids to portal hypertension. Dis Colon Rectum. 1980;23:567–9.
Johanson JF, Sonnenberg A. The prevalence of haemorrhoids and chronic constipation. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:380–6.
Kaider–Person O, Person B, Wexner SD. Haemorrhoidal disease a comprehensive review. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204:102–17.
Khan S, Pawlak SE, Eggenberger JC, et al. Surgical treatment of haemorrhoids: prospective randomized trial comparing closed excisional haemorrhoidectomy and the Harmonic Scalpel technique of excisional haemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44(6):845–9.
Kwok SY, Chung CC, Tsui KK, et al. A double blind randomized trial comparing ligasure and Harmonic Scalpel haemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(2):344–8.
Longo A. Stapled anopexy and stapled haemorrhoidectomy: two opposite concepts and procedures. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:571–2.
Longo A. Treatment of haemorrhoidal disease by reduction of mucosa and haemorrhoidal prolapse with a circular suturing device: a new procedure. In: 6th World congress of endoscopic surgery (IFES). Mundozzi Editore; 1998. p. 777–84.
MacRae HM, McLeod RS. Comparison of haemorrhoidal treatment modalities. A meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:687–94.
Morinaga K, Hasuda K, Ikeda T, et al. A novel therapy for internal hemorrhoids. Ligation of the haemorrhoidal artery with newly devised instrument (Moricorn) in conjunction with a Doppler flow meter. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90:610–3.
Neiger A. Haemorrhoids in every day practice. Proctocology. 1979;2;22–8.
O’Hara VS. Fatal clostridial infection following haemorrhoidal banding. Dis Colon Rectum. 1980;23:570–1.
Parks AG. A note on the anatomy of the anal canal. Proc R Doc Med. 1954;47:997–8.
Park AG. The surgical treatment of haemorrhoids. Br. J Surg. 1956;43:337–51.
Patti R, Almasio PL, Arcara M, et al. Botulinum toxin vs topical glyceryl trinitrate ointment for pain control in patients undergoing haemorrhoidectomy: a randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1741–8.
Poon GP, Chu KW, Lau WY, et al. Conventional vs. triple band ligation for haemorrhoids: a prospective, randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;29:836–8.
Rama Kant AA. A journey from piles to smiles. J Surg Sci. 2010;1:14–8.
Ratto C, Donisi L, Parello A, et al. Evaluation of transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization as a minimally invasive therapeutic approach to hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53(5):803–11.
Scheyer M, Antonietti E, Rollinger G, et al. Doppler guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation. Am J Surg. 2006;191:80–3.
Senapati A, Nicholls RJ. A randomized trial to compare the results of injection sclerotherapy with bulk laxative alone in the treatment of bleeding haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1988;3:124–6.
Shanmugam V, Thaha MA, Rabindranath KS, et al. Systematic review of randomized trails comparing rubber bands ligation with excisional haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 2005;92:1481–7.
Shao WJ, Li GC, Zhang ZH, et al. Systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing stapled haemorrhoidectomy with conventional haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 2008;95:147–60.
Silverman R, Bendick PJ, Wasvary HJ. A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of the effect of a calcium channel blocker ointment on pain after hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1913–6.
Smith LE, Goodreau JJ, Fouty WJ. Operative haemorrhoidectomy versus cryo destruction. Dis Colon Rectum. 1979;22:10–6.
Sohn N, Aronoff JS, Cohen FS, et al. Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization is an alternative to operative hemorrhoidectomy. Am J Surg. 2001;182(5):515–9.
Sohn VY, Martin MJ, Mullenix PS, et al. A comparison of open versus closed techniques using the Harmonic Scalpel in outpatient haemorrhoid surgery. Mil Med. 2008;173(7):689–92.
Thomson WH. The nature of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg. 1975;62:542–52.
Thomson JPS, Leicester RJ, Smith LE. Haemorrhoids. MM Henry and M Swash (eds), Coloproctology and the pelvic floor. London: Butterworth – Heinemann. 2nd ed. 1992. p. 373–93.
Tjandra JJ, Chan MK. Systematic review on the procedure for prolapse and haemorrhoids. (Stapled haemorrhoidopexy). Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:878–92.
Tsunoda A, Sada H, Sugimoto T, et al. Randomized controlled trial of bipolar diathermy vs ultrasonic scalpel for closed haemorrhoidectomy. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;3(10):147–52.
Wang JY, Chang-Chien CR, Chen JS, et al. The role of lasers in haemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34(1):78–82.
Whitehead W. The surgical treatment of haemorrhoids. Br Med J. 1882;1:148–50.
Wolff BG, Culp CE. The whitehead haemorrhoidectomy. An unjustly maligned procedure. Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;31:587–90.
You SY, Kim SH, Chung CS, et al. Open vs closed haemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:108–13.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sivalingam, P., Kant, R., Arora, V., Gore, P.P. (2016). Hemorrhoids. In: Chowdri, N., Parray, F. (eds) Benign Anorectal Disorders. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2589-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2589-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2588-1
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2589-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)