Abstract
Central Asia which was in the ‘periphery’ of global politics during the last decade of the 20th Century is gaining more prominence in recent years. In addition to the strategic advantage it got following the collapse of the Soviet Union, its hydrocarbon resources is propelling external actors ( both state and non-state) to set their foothold in this region. The present work is such an attempt to portray the closer connection that exists between geopolitics of energy security and its implication on Central Asia. Another interesting facet that has to be underlined here is that the geopolitics of energy security as well as Central Asian energy security is complimentary to each other. Opening of multiple pipeline routes, creating strategic bases, institutionalizing bargaining processes as well as pursuing of the socalled’ ‘multi-vectoral’ foreign policy especially by the Central Asian states are some of the caveats which got closer attention in the paper. India being an ‘civilisational power’ is also trying to bridge itself with Central Asia through ‘geo-historico-strategic’ linkages. This in the longer-run will create a positive environment for flourishing of energy relations among these two ancient landmasses despite having physical barriers.
The present author would like to express his gratitude to Prof. Devendra Kaushik (retd) for his comments while writing this paper, to Prof. R. R. Sharma (retd), (Centre for Russian and Central Asian Studies) for his constant encouragement to work in this field also and to Prof. Girijesh Pant, Energy Studies Program SIS, JNU who has gone through an earlier version of the paper.
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Notes
- 1.
In this article the present author is including Azerbaijan as a Central Asian state, though, it is located in the South Caucasus. This is mainly due to their historical linkages as well as complex energy game which is currently going on this region mainly due to pipeline diplomacy. The same is adapted from Barry Buzan and Ole Waever’s theoretical construct of ‘Regional Security Complex’ (Buzan and Waever 2003, pp. 4–49. See also for a similar view Kubicek 2013; Alstadt 1992, pp. 6–20).
- 2.
Understanding the significance of energy in shaping the dynamics of international politics, theoretical approaches are being increasingly employed to study the same. The realist school of thought as eulogized by Hans J Morgenthau argues that international politics is ‘nothing but struggle for power’ (Dannreuther 2010; Morgenthau 2007 p. 13). His argument is basically premised upon the ideas developed by contractualists like Hobbes who stated that: ‘state of nature is nothing but a state of war’. In this regard Morgenthau emphasizes on the fact that energy provided both U.S.A and the then USSR the necessary leverage to increase their preponderance vis-à-vis their adversary during the Cold War period (Morgenthau 2007, pp. 83–84; Yurdusev 2006; Hobbes 1997, pp. 147–156; Cherp and Jewell 2011).
- 3.
As has been observed by Kenneth Waltz in his book Theory of International Politics, the ‘structure’ generates ‘insecurity’ and ‘fear’ which propels the ‘state to behave’ accordingly. He further argues that the ‘asymmetric distribution of ‘capability’ creates ‘hierarchy’ in the international system and states’ try to ‘coordinate with each other to balance each others’. (Waltz 1979, pp. 87–88); See also for a similar analysis (Eder 2014, pp. 69–84; Gilpin 2001).
- 4.
The basic proposition of this theory is that all the external actors are interested in ‘distribution of material resource equitably’ which in turn contributes to stability of the regional system in the longer-run.To achieve that ‘hegemonisation’ is needed at a shorter-run. Emergence of European Union is a good instance in this regard as highlighted by Kindelberger (Pedersen 2002, pp. 681–682; Cutler and Robson 2000, pp. 38–39; Cutler 1996; Khindelberger 1981; Gilpin 2001).
- 5.
(The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation 2000).
- 6.
Contrast to realist and neo-realist, the liberals on the other hand argues for creating an institutional mechanism which can regulate the pattern of behavior of nation states. Heavily drawing from the idealistic school of thought propounded by Kant, Wilson, etc. this school posits that ‘creating an institutional structure’ which can able to ‘evolve a regime’ to resolve persistent conflict mostly economic in nature. This resulted in the growing importance of this approach in the domain of international political economy. The nexus between domestic as well as international political economy so also rapid ‘integration’ and ‘interdependent’ character of international economy propelled the growth of this approach (Katzenstein et al. 1998, pp. 647–648; Waltz 1993, pp. 66–67; Dannreuther 2010; Keohane 1984; Keohane and Lisa 1995).
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Mohapatra, N. (2015). Geopolitics of Energy Security in Central Asia: Implications for India. In: Pant, G. (eds) India's Emerging Energy Relations. India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2503-4_7
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