Skip to main content

Adjusting the Manner of Language Processing to the Social Context: Attention Allocation During Interactions with Non-native Speakers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Language processing takes place in a social context. Accordingly, it adjusts itself to the social situation. Using the case of interactions with non-native speakers, this chapter illustrates how the identity of our interlocutor influences which cues we attend to during language processing, and when and how these cues are utilised. It further demonstrates how an adjustment in allocation of attention can have cascading linguistic and social consequences. At the same time, the studies described in this chapter show that the flexibility of the language processing mechanisms is constrained by listeners’ cognitive resources and by the rate at which shifting in processing manner is required. Together, this chapter demonstrates the importance of studying cognitive processes in different social contexts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, M. C., Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1994). Remembering can cause forgetting: Retrieval dynamics in long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(5), 1063–1087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, J. E., Hudson Kam, C. L., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (2007). If you say thee uh—you’re describing something hard: The on-line attribution of disfluency during reference comprehension. The Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 33, 914–930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, C. G., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Magnuson, J. S. (2004). Actions and affordances in syntactic ambiguity resolution. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 687–696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., Bunting, M. F., Therriault, D., & Minkoff, S. (2002). A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence. Intelligence, 30, 163–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., & Rayner, K. (1988). Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 429–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dumontheil, I., Apperly, I. A., & Blakemore, S. J. (2010). Online use of mental state inferences continues to develop in late adolescence. Developmental Science, 13(2), 331–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epley, N., van Keysar, B., Boyen, L., & Gilovich, T. (2004). Perspective Taking as Egocentric Anchoring and Adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(3), 327–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Federmeier, K. D., & Kutas, M. (2005). Aging in context: Age-related changes in context use during language comprehension. Psychophysiology, 42, 133–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, F., Ferraro, V., & Bailey, K. G. D. (2002). Good-enough representations in language comprehension. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 11–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grodner, D., & Sedivy, J. C. (2011). The effects of speaker-specific information on Pragmaticinferences. In N. Pearlmutter & E. Gibson (Eds.), The processing and acquisition of reference (pp. 239–272). Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hanulikova, A., Van Alphen, P. M., Van Goch, M., & Weber, A. (2012). When one person’s mistake is another’s standard usage: The effect of foreign accent on syntactic processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(4), 878–887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K., Strand, E. A., & D’Imperio, M. (1999). Auditory-visual integration of talker gender in vowel perception. Journal of Phonetics., 27, 359–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992). A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review, 99, 122–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keysar, B., Barr, D. J., Balin, J. A., & Brauner, J. S. (2000). Taking perspective in conversation: The role of mutual knowledge in comprehension. Psychological Science, 11, 32–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lev-Ari, S. (2015). Comprehending non-native speakers: Theory and evidence for adjustment in manner of processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lev-Ari, S., Barr, D., & Keysar, B. (under review). Listeners are better attuned to non-native speakers’ perspectives.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lev-Ari, S., Ho, E., & Keysar, B. (2011). Interacting with non-native speakers induces “good-enough” representation. Poster presented at The 24 th Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing. CA: Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lev-Ari, S., & Keysar, B. (2012). Less-detailed representation of non-native language: Why non-native speakers’ stories seem more vague. Discourse Processes, 49, 523–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levelt, W. J. M. (1983). Monitoring and Self-Repair in Speech. Cognition, 14(1), 41–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McQueen, J. M., & Huettig, F. (2012). Changing only the probability that spoken words will be distorted changes how they are recognized. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 131(1), 509–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niedzielski, N. (1999). The effect of social information on the perception of sociolinguistic variables. Journal of language and social psychology, 18(1), 62–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, M. J., & Garrod, S. (2007). Do people use language production to make bpredictions during comprehension? Trends in cognitive sciences, 11(3), 105–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturt, P., Sanford, A. J., Stewart, A. J., & Dawydiak, E. (2004). Linguistic focus and good-enough representations: an application of the change-detection paradigm. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 882–888.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M., & Sedivy, J. E. (1995). Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science, 268, 1632–1634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Traxler, M. J., Williams, R. S., Blozis, S. A., & Morris, R. K. (2005). Working memory, animacy, and verb class in the processing of relative clauses. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 204–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uther, M., Knoll, M. A., & Burnham, D. (2007). Do you speak E-NG-LI-SH? A comparison of foreigner-and infant-directed speech. Speech Communication, 49(1), 2–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Berkum, J., van den Brink, D., Tesink, C. M., Kos, M., & Hagoort, P. (2008). The neural integration of speaker and message. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 580–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veling, H., & van Knippenberg, A. (2004). Remembering can cause inhibition: Retrieval-induced inhibition as cue independent process. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 315–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shiri Lev-Ari .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lev-Ari, S. (2015). Adjusting the Manner of Language Processing to the Social Context: Attention Allocation During Interactions with Non-native Speakers. In: Mishra, R., Srinivasan, N., Huettig, F. (eds) Attention and Vision in Language Processing. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2443-3_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics