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Ruminal Viruses (Bacteriophages, Archaeaphages)

  • Chapter
Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution

Abstract

Viruses of prokaryotes (phages) are ubiquitous to the gastrointestinal tracts of all animals, and particularly dense and diverse populations occur in the rumen of herbivores. Although knowledge of their existence dates back to the 1960s, very few studies were undertaken until the late 1980s and 1990s, when a number of investigators examined rumen phages at both the individual and ecosystem level. Despite the fact that these viruses have characteristics that can be both detrimental (reduce feed efficiency, transfer toxin genes) and advantageous (bacterial population balance, lateral gene transfer, phage therapy, novel enzymes), very little is known about their biological properties or genetic make-up. With recent technical advances in molecular biology, particularly developments in high-throughput sequencing, the field of rumen phage research is predicted to rapidly change, with individual phage isolates and the entire virus fraction (viral metagenome or virome) being characterised in ways never previously possible. The overall importance of phage-host interactions in relation to the functioning of the rumen microbial ecosystem and the nutrition of the animal remains elusive, but these viruses are likely to impact on the bacterial population balance and the flow of genetic material between microorganisms within the ecosystem.

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Dedication

The authors would like to dedicate this chapter to the memory of Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis (1922–2012) who made considerable contributions to rumen phage research and the development of microbiology in Australia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia

    Rosalind A. Gilbert & Athol V. Klieve

  2. Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia

    Rosalind A. Gilbert & Athol V. Klieve

  3. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia

    Athol V. Klieve

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  1. Rosalind A. Gilbert
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Anil Kumar Puniya

  2. Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Rameshwar Singh

  3. Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Devki Nandan Kamra

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Gilbert, R.A., Klieve, A.V. (2015). Ruminal Viruses (Bacteriophages, Archaeaphages). In: Puniya, A., Singh, R., Kamra, D. (eds) Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2401-3_9

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