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Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution pp 357–379Cite as

Revolution in Rumen Microbiology

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Abstract

Meat and milk derived from ruminants comprise a significant portion of worldwide human nutrition. Ruminants and their gut microbes have coevolved over millions of years to harvest energy from indigestible plant cellulosic biomass. This symbiotic host–microbe interaction is fundamental to the ruminant’s health and production. Research on rumen microbes dates back to the 1950s with the majority of work involving cultivation of several microbes in the laboratory under strict anaerobic conditions. However, culture-independent molecular methods have demonstrated that <1 % of what is known of the rumen microbiome has been accounted for with culture methodology. Molecular techniques have provided a great potential to define and describe dynamics in the rumen microbiome in response to the animal’s changing diet and physiologic state. With the advent of metagenomics and next-generation sequencers, the characterization of community microbial populations has become less cumbersome. The first few reports on the use of metagenomics to study the rumen microbiome have portrayed the dominance and the phylogenetic distribution of bacteria in the rumen and their potential involvement in the conversion of dietary plant cellulosic material to microbial protein, volatile fatty acids, and other byproducts of ruminal fermentation. The initial colonization and gradual establishment of microbial communities in the rumen from birth to maturity (2 years) was recently demonstrated using metagenomics. Knowledge of not only the composition of the rumen microbiome but also the functional role of certain microbes and their genes has provided greater insights on the contribution of the rumen microbiome in host metabolism. Such advances have led to polysaccharide-hydrolyzing gene cataloguing which has become a useful tool. Application of advanced “omic” technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are other examples of current technologies delving into host–microbe interactions and how the rumen microbiome can be altered to improve animal performance. Although several inconsistencies continue to pose challenges to rumen microbiology research, optimizing the rumen microbiome is an attainable goal in this post-genomics era. Overall, advances in genomic technology indicate that research contributions to the rumen microbiome physiology have the potential to not only improve ruminant production but also address global issues such as advanced biofuel production, reduction of greenhouse gases, enhancement of food safety, and improvement of the food supply.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agriculture Systems and Microbial Genomics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19348, USA

    Sanjay Kumar & Dipti W. Pitta

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  1. Sanjay Kumar
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  1. College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Anil Kumar Puniya

  2. Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Rameshwar Singh

  3. Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Devki Nandan Kamra

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Kumar, S., Pitta, D.W. (2015). Revolution in Rumen Microbiology. In: Puniya, A., Singh, R., Kamra, D. (eds) Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2401-3_24

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