Abstract
Duplication of one or more toes may occur as an isolated anomaly (Bromley et al. 2000) or in association with other skeletal anomalies or be part of a generalized syndrome (Castilla et al. 1998). In 85 % of instances, polydactyly is an isolated anomaly, while the remaining 15 % are associated with other congenital anomalies (Castilla et al. 1998). As many as 310, clinical entities associated with polydactyly have been identified, and 80 mutations in 90 genes have been implicated in the causation of syndromes with this anomaly (Biesecker 2011). This emphasizes the need for the clinician to be aware that a newborn infant with polydactyly must be evaluated to exclude the more serious of the numerous syndromes associated with this seemingly trivial anomaly. The location, number, pattern, and symmetry of the duplicated toes may help in differentiating some of these conditions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agarwal RP, Jain D, Ramesh Babu CS, et al. A hereditable combination of congenital anomalies. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78:492–4.
Al-Qattan MM, Hashem FK, Al Malaq A. An unusual case of preaxial polydactyly of the hands and feet: a case report. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27:498–502.
Aykut A, Cogulu O, Ekmekci AY, et al. An additional manifestation in acrocallosal syndrome: temporal lobe hypoplasia. Genet Couns. 2008;19:237–40.
Bayram H, Herdem M, Temocin AK. Fibular dimelia and mirror foot without associated anomalies. Clin Genet. 1996;49:311–3.
Belthur MV, Linton JL, Barnes DA. The spectrum of preaxial polydactyly of the foot. J Pediatr Orthop. 2011;31:435–47.
Biesecker LG. Polydactyly: how many disorders and how many genes? 2010 update. Dev Dyn. 2011;240:931–42.
Blauth W, Olason AT. Classification of polydactyly of the hands and feet. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1988;107:334–44.
Borg DH, Van Roermund PM, Kon M. A sporadic case of tetramelic mirror-image polydactyly and unilateral tibial hypoplasia without associated anomalies. J Hand Surg Br. 1999;24:482–5.
Bremond-Gignac D, Gerard-Blanluet M, Copin H, et al. Three patients with hallucal polydactyly and WAGR syndrome, including discordant expression of Wilms tumor in MZ twins. Am J Med Genet A. 2005;134:422–5.
Bressers MM, Castelein RM. Anterolateral tibial bowing and duplication of the hallux: a rare but distinct entity with good prognosis. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2001;10:153–7.
Bromley B, Shipp TD, Benacerraf B. Isolated polydactyly: prenatal diagnosis and perinatal outcome. Prenat Diagn. 2000;20:905–8.
Castilla EE, Lugarinho R, da Graca Dutra M, et al. Associated anomalies in individuals with polydactyly. Am J Med Genet. 1998;80:459–65.
Castle J, Roesen HM, Schram A. Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome and polydactyly. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1993;32:276–9.
Debeer P, Devriendt K, De Smet L, et al. The spectrum of hand and foot malformations in patients with Greig cephalopolysyndactyly. J Child Orthop. 2007;1:143–50.
Doss BJ, Jolly S, Qureshi F, et al. Neuropathologic findings in a case of OFDS type VI (Varadi syndrome). Am J Med Genet. 1998;77:38–42.
Fuhrmann W, Fuhrmann-Rieger A, de Sousa F. Poly-, syn- and oligodactyly, aplasia or hypoplasia of fibula, hypoplasia of pelvis and bowing of femora in three sibs-a new autosomal recessive syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1980;133:123–9.
Ganey TM, Carey TP, O'Neal ML, et al. Morphologic and radiographic characterization of fibular dimelia. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2000;9:293–305.
Gershoni-Baruch R, Nachlieli T, Leibo R, et al. Cystic kidney dysplasia and polydactyly in 3 sibs with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1992;44:269–73.
Giorgini RJ, Aquino JM. Surgical approach to polydactyly. J Foot Surg. 1984;23:221–5.
Goldblatt J, Minutillo C, Pemberton PJ, et al. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in a Western Australian aboriginal community. Postaxial polydactyly as a heterozygous manifestation? Med J Aust. 1992;157:271–2.
Joseph B, Chacko V, Abraham T, et al. Pathomechanics of congenital and acquired hallux varus: a clinical and anatomical study. Foot Ankle. 1987;8:137–43.
Joseph B, Jacob T, Chacko V. Hallux varus-a study of thirty cases. J Foot Surg. 1984;23:392–7.
Lamb DW, Wynne-Davies R, Whitmore JM. Five-fingered hand associated with partial or complete tibial absence and pre-axial polydactyly. A kindred of 15 affected individuals in five generations. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1983;65:60–3.
Morley SE, Smith PJ. Polydactyly of the feet in children: suggestions for surgical management. Br J Plast Surg. 2001;54:34–8.
Pilkington S, Hearth M, Richards AM, et al. Laurin-Sandrow syndrome-a surgical challenge. Br J Plast Surg. 2000;53:68–70.
Sandrow RE, Sullivan PD, Steel HH. Hereditary ulnar and fibular dimelia with peculiar facies. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52:367–70.
Verghese R, Shah H, Rebello G, et al. Pre-axial mirror polydactyly associated with tibial deficiency: a study of the patterns of skeletal anomalies of the foot and leg. J Child Orthop. 2007;1:49–54.
Watanabe H, Fujita S, Oka I. Polydactyly of the foot: an analysis of 265 cases and a morphological classification. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;89:856–77.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Joseph, B. (2015). Duplication of Toes. In: Paediatric Orthopaedic Diagnosis. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2392-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2392-4_13
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2391-7
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2392-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)