Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Exploration of the Effect of Demographic and Clinical Confounding Variables on Results of Voxel-Based Morphometric Analysis in Schizophrenia

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Book cover Artificial Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Engineering Systems

Part of the book series: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ((AISC,volume 324))

Abstract

Brain morphometric abnormalities have been extensively reported in schizophrenia. In this research report, we used a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) approach to identify the effect of various confounding factors on gray matter (GM) volume changes in patients with schizophrenia in comparison to healthy control subjects. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for all possible confounding factors during study design and analyses, as well as setting appropriate statistical significance thresholds while reporting results in brain morphometric studies of schizophrenia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. M.E. Shenton, T.J. Whitford, M. Kubicki, Structural neuroimaging in schizophrenia: from methods to insights to treatments. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 12, 317–332 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  2. L. Burke, C. Androutsos, J. Jogia, P. Byrne, S. Frangou, The Maudsley early onset schizophrenia study: the effect of age of onset and illness duration on fronto-parietal gray matter. Eur. Psychiatry. 23, 233–236 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. S.B. Schwarzkopf, S.C. Olson, J.A. Coffman, H.A. Nasrallah, Third and lateral ventricular volumes in schizophrenia: support for progressive enlargement of both structures. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 26, 385–391 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  4. M.S. Keshavan, W.W. Bagwell, G.L. Haas, J.A. Sweeney, N.R. Schooler, J.W. Pettegrew, Changes in caudate volume with neuroleptic treatment. Lancet 344, 1434 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. J. Borne, R. Riascos, H. Cuellar, D. Vargas, R. Rojas, Neuroimaging in drug and substance abuse part II: opioids and solvents. Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging 16, 239–245 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. J. Barnes, G.R. Ridgway, J. Bartlett, S.M. Henley, M. Lehmann, N. Hobbs, M.J. Clarkson, D.G. MacManus, S. Ourselin, N.C. Fox, Head size, age and gender adjustment in MRI studies: a necessary nuisance. Neuroimage 53, 1244–1255 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. C.D. Good, I. Johnsrude, J. Ashburner, R.N. Henson, K.J. Friston, R.S. Frackowiak, Cerebral asymmetry and the effects of sex and handedness on brain structure: a voxel-based morphometric analysis of 465 normal adult human brains. Neuroimage 14, 685–700 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. J.L. Whitwell, Voxel-based morphometry: an automated technique for assessing structural changes in the brain. J. Neurosci. 29, 9661–9664 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. R.A. Honea, A. Meyer-Lindenberg, K.B. Hobbs, L. Pezawas, V.S. Mattay, M.F. Egan, B. Verchinski, R.E. Passingham, D.R. Weinberger, H. Callicott, Is gray matter volume an intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia. A voxel-based morphometry study of patients with schizophrenia and their healthy siblings. Biol. Psychiatry 63, 465–474 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. E.M. Meisenzahl, N. Koutsouleris, R. Bottlender, J. Scheuerecker, M. Jäger, S.J. Teipel, S. Holzinger, T. Frodl, U. Preuss, G. Schmitt, B. Burgermeister, M. Reiser, C. Born, H.J. Möller, Structural brain alterations at different stages of schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometric study. Schizophr. Res. 104, 44–60 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. V. Molina, G. Galindo, B. Cortés, A.G. de Herrera, A. Ledo, J. Sanz, C. Montes, J.A. Hernández-Tamames, Different gray matter patterns in chronic schizophrenia and chronic bipolar disorder patients identified using voxel-based morphometry. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 261, 313–322 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. D.R. Watson, J.M. Anderson, F. Bai, S.L. Barrett, T.M. McGinnity, C.C. Mulholland, T.M. Rushe, S.J. Cooper, A voxel based morphometry study investigating brain structural changes in first episode psychosis. Behav. Brain Res. 227, 91–99 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. S.W. Woods, Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64, 663–667 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. R.A. Kroken, E. Johnsen, T. Ruud, T. Wentzel-Larsen, H.A. Jorgensen, Treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotics in Norwegian emergency wards, a cross-sectional national study. BMC Psychiatry 9, 24 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Ashburner, K.J. Friston, Voxel-based morphometry-the methods. Neuroimage 11, 805–821 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. I. Harvey, M.A. Ron, G. Du Boulay, D. Wicks, S.W. Lewis, R.M. Murray, Reduction of cortical volume in schizophrenia on magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol. Med. 23, 591–604 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. K.O. Lim, W. Tew, M. Kushner, K. Chow, B. Matsumoto, L.E. DeLisi, Cortical gray matter volume deficit in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 153, 1548–1553 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  18. T. Ohtani, J.J. Levitt, P.G. Nestor, T. Kawashima, T. Asami, M.E. Shenton, M. Niznikiewicz, R.W. McCarley, Prefrontal cortex volume deficit in schizophrenia: A new look using 3T MRI with manual parcellation. Schizophr. Res. 152, 184–190 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. U.S. Torres, E. Portela-Oliveira, S. Borgwardt, G.F. Busatto, Structural brain changes associated with antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia as revealed by voxel-based morphometric MRI: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 13, 342 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. A. Szöke, F. Schürhoff, F. Mathieu, A. Meary, S. Ionescu, M. Leboyer, Tests of executive functions in executive functions in first degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 35, 771–782 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. C.M. Bennett, G.L. Wolford, M.B. Miller, The principled control of false positives in neuroimaging. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 4, 417–422 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. J.P. Ioannidis, Excess significance bias in the literature on brain volume abnormalities. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68, 773–780 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Cognitive Science Research Initiative (CSI), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India (Grant No. SR/CSI/79/2010).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Multimodal Brain Image Analysis Laboratory (MBIAL), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India

    Anupa A. Vijayakumari, Priyadarshini Thirunavukkarasu, Ammu Lukose & Vikram Arunachalam

  2. Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India

    Jitender Saini

  3. Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India

    Sanjeev Jain

  4. Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India

    Bindu M. Kutty

  5. Multimodal Brain Image Analysis Laboratory (MBIAL), Department of Psychiatry and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India

    John P. John

Authors
  1. Anupa A. Vijayakumari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Priyadarshini Thirunavukkarasu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ammu Lukose
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Vikram Arunachalam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jitender Saini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sanjeev Jain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Bindu M. Kutty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. John P. John
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anupa A. Vijayakumari .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, Tamil Nadu, India

    L. Padma Suresh

  2. Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM Engineering College, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India

    Subhransu Sekhar Dash

  3. Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer India

About this paper

Cite this paper

Vijayakumari, A.A. et al. (2015). Exploration of the Effect of Demographic and Clinical Confounding Variables on Results of Voxel-Based Morphometric Analysis in Schizophrenia. In: Suresh, L., Dash, S., Panigrahi, B. (eds) Artificial Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Engineering Systems. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 324. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2126-5_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2126-5_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi

  • Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2125-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2126-5

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation