Skip to main content

The Impact of Ethnicity on Entrepreneurship: A Global Review and Lessons for Nigeria

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

Abstract

The impact of culture on entrepreneurship attitude has been subject of several studies all over the world and arguments have been proffered both ways. Unfortunately studies on the subject are rare in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Nigeria. This paper seeks to review and synthesize studies that allude to the impact of culture on entrepreneurial attitude, with a view to extending the findings to the entrepreneurial attitudes of Nigeria’s three major ethnic groups : Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo. It is a literature survey type, identifying those attitudes in various cultures that bring out the best in each ethnic group’s entrepreneurship. It finds that positive cultural attitudes from all ethnic groups in a nation are worthy of emulation by the other ethnic groups for best practices in entrepreneurship. The study recommends that positive entrepreneurial cultural attributes identifiable among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria should be publicised for the benefit of all prospective Nigerians entrepreneurs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aliyu SA (2000) Christian missionaries and hausa literature in Nigeria, 1840–1890: a critical evaluation, 99–124. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of English, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

    Google Scholar 

  • Aruwa AS (2005) Entrepreneurial patterns and motivation: the experience in Kaduna state. Abuja Manag Rev 2(1):2005

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum JR, Olian JD, Erez M, Schnell ER, Smith KG, Sims HP, Scully JS, Smith KA (1993) Nationality and work role interactions: a cultural contrast of Israeli and U.S. entrepreneurs’ versus managers’ needs. J Bus Ventur 8:449–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonacich E (1973) A theory of middleman minorities. Am Sociol Rev 38:583–594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce M (2003) Ethnic entrepreneurship: preliminary findings from a South African study. J Small Bus Entrepreneurship (Canadian Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship) ISSN: 0827 6331

    Google Scholar 

  • Buame SK (1996) Entrepreneurship: a contextual perspective. discourses and praxis of entrepreneurial activities within the institutional context of ghana. Lund University Press, Lund University

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgelman R (1983) A Process model of internal corporate venturing in the major diversified firm. Adm Sci Q 28:223–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen A (1971) Cultural strategies in the organization of trading diasporas. In: Meillassoux C (ed) The development of indigenous trade and markets in West Africa, London, pp 266–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana L-P (ed) (2007) Handbook of research on ethnic minority entrepreneurship. A co evolutionary view on resource management. Cheltenham

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana L-P, Morris M (2007) Towards a synthesisa model of immigrant and ethnic entrepreneurship. In: Dana L-P (ed) Handbook of research on ethnic minority entrepreneurship. A co-evolutionary view on resource management. Cheltenham, pp 803–812

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadahunsi A, Smallbone D, Supri S (2000) Networking and ethnic minority enterprise development: insights from a North London study. J Small Bus Enterp Dev 7(228):39

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman JA (1998–1999) The new linguistic order. Foreign Policy 28(113) 26–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama F (1995) Social capital and the global economy. Foreign Affairs 74(5):89–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold S (1997) Transnationalism and vocabularies of motive in international migration. The case of Israelis in the United States. Sociol Perspect 40:409–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould DM (1990) Immigrant Links to the Home Country. Implications for Trade, Welfare, and Factor Returns. PhD dissertation, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould DM (1994) Immigrant links to the home country. Empirical implications for US bilateral trade flows. Rev Econ Stat 76(2):302–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris JR (1968) Socioeconomic determinants of entrepreneurial success in Nigerian industry. Presented to the Washington Meetings of the Econometric Society, Dec 1967, and substracted in Econometrica (Supplement, May 1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hisrish RD, Brush C (1984) The woman entrepreneur: management skills and business problems. J Small Bus Manag 22(1):30–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Hisrich RD, Peter MP (2002) Entrepreneurship. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede G (1980a) Culture’s consequences: international differences in work related value Beverly Hills. Sage, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede G (1980b) Motivation leadership and organization: do American theories apply abroad? Organ Dyn (Summer) 9:42–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede G, Bond M (1984) Hofstede’s cultural dimensions: an independent validation using Rokeach’s value survey. J Cross Cult Psychol 15(417):433

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede GH (1997) Cultures and organizations; Software of the mind intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. MacGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede GH (2000) Culture’s consequences—comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations among nations. Sage Publications, California

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz DL (1985) Ethnic groups in conflict. University of California Press, Berkeley, p 57

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyer R, Schoar A (2008) Are there cultural determinants of entrepreneurship? http://www.mit.edu/~aschoar/IyerSchoarNBER_v1.pdf. Accessed 12 Oct 2011

  • Jung K, Kau AK (2004) Culture’s influence on consumer behaviors: differences among ethnic groups in a multiracial Asian country. Adv Consum Res 31:367

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieval HJ (1997) Middleman minorities and blood. is there a natural economy of the ritual murder accusation in Europe? In: Chirot D, Reid A (eds) Essential outsiders: chinese and jews in the modern transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe. Seattle, London, pp 208–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirzner IM (1985) Discovery and the capitalist process. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight RM (1988) Spinoff Entrepreneurs: how corporations really create entrepreneurs. In: Bruce AK, Wayne AL (eds) Frontiers of entrepreneurial research, Ed McMullan

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohnert D (2010) Drivers of change or cut-throat competitors? Challenging cultures of innovation of Chinese and Nigerian migrant entrepreneurs in West Africa. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23132/ MPRA Paper No. 23132. Accessed 9 Sept 2011

  • Le Vine R (1966) Dreams and deeds: achievement motivation in Nigeria. The University of Chicago`Press, Chicago and London

    Google Scholar 

  • Light I (1972) Ethnic enterprise in America. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Light I (1980) Asian enterprise in America: Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans in small business. In: Cummings S (ed) Self-help in Urban America. Patterns of minority business enterprise. Kennikat Press Publications, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Light I (2001) Globalization, transnationalism and trade. Asian Pac Migr J 10:53–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light I (2005) The ethnic economy. In: Smelser NJ, Swedberg R (eds) The handbook of economic sociology, 2nd edn. New York, pp 650–677

    Google Scholar 

  • Light I (2010) Transnational entrepreneurs in an English-speaking world, DIE ERDE 141 2010 (1–2) Special Issue Migration pp 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Light I, Bonacich E (1988) Immigrant entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Light I, Gold SJ (2000) Ethnic economies. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Light I, Bhachu P, Karageorgis S (1993) Migration networks and immigrant entrepreneurship. In: Light I, Bhachu P (eds) Immigration and entrepreneurship. New Brunswick, pp 25–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Light I, Zhou M, Kim R (2002) Transnationalism and American exports in an english speaking world. Int Migr Rev 36(3):702–725

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovejoy PE (1971) Long distance trade and Islam: the case of the nineteenth century hausa kola trade. J Hist Soc Niger IV(4):537–539

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovejoy PE (1973) The kambarin beriberi. The formation of a specialized group of hausa kola traders in the nineteenth century. J Afr Hist XIV (4):633–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall A (1994) Principles of economics. Porcupine Press, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland DC (1961) The achieving society, 1st edn. Van Nostrand Col, Prince town, NJ. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell RK, Smith JB, Mors EA, Seawright KW, Peredo A, McKenzie B (2002) Are entrepreneurial cognitions universal? Assessing entrepreneurial cognitions across cultures. (Research on business people, entrepreneurship:theory and practice article dated 22 June 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris MH (2000) The power of ethnic entrepreneurship. J Dev Entrepreneurship 5(2):5–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Mungai EN, Ogot M (2009) Ethnicity, culture and entrepreneurship in Kenya. http://www.aibuma.org/abstract.php?value=40. Accessed 25 Feb 2011

  • Phizacklea A, Ram M (1995) Ethnic entrepreneurship in comparative perspective. Int J Entrepreneurial Behav Res 1(1):48–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portes A (2003) Conclusion: theoretical convergencies and empirical evidence in the study of immigrant transnationalism. Int Migr Rev 37(3):874–892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portes A, Haller WJ, Guarnizo LE (2002) Transnational entrepreneurs: an alternative form of immigrant economic adaptation. Am Sociol Rev 67:278–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ram M (1991) The dynamics of workplace relations in small firms. Int Small Bus J 10(1):44–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Ram M (1994) Unravelling social networks in ethnic minority firms. Int Small Bus J 12(3):42–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Ram M (1997) Ethnic minority enterprise: an overview and research agenda. Int J Entrepreneurial Behav Res 3(4):149–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Ram M, Abbas T, Sanghera B, Hillin G (2000) Currying favor with the locals: balti owners and business enclaves. Int J Entrepreneurial Behav Res 6(1):41–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson PB, Stimpson DV, Huefner JC, Hunt HK (1991) An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theor Pract 15:13–30 (women and minorities. Quorum, Westport, CT

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter JA (1934) The theory of economic development. Translated by R. Opie from the second German edition (1926). Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter JA (1951) Essays of JA Schumpeter, Addison Wesley Press, Inc. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Shane S (1992) Why do some societies invent more than others? J Bus Ventur 7:29–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shane S, Venkataraman S (1996) Renegade and rational championing strategies. Organ Stud 17:751–777

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiller NG, Basch L, Blanc-Szanton C (1992) Transnationalism: a new analytic framework for understanding migration. In: Schiller NG, Basch L, Blanc-Szanton C (eds) Towards a transnational perspective on migration. Durham, pp 1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Sexton DL, Bowman N (1983) Determining entrepreneurial potential of students. Acad Manag Proc 1983:408–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapero A (1984) The entrepreneurial event. In: Kent C (ed) The environment for entrepreneurship. D.C. Heath, Lexington

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapero A, Sokol L (1982) The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In: Kent C, Sexton D, Vesper K (eds) The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship. Prentice Hall, New York, pp 72–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Shildkroud E (1978) People of the Zongo. C.U.P, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas AS, Mueller SL (2000) A case for comparative entrepreneurship: assessing the relevance of culture. J Int Bus Stud 31:287–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ukiwo U (2005) On the study of ethnicity in Nigeria, (CRISE) working paper No. 12, University of Oxford, Oxford. Available at: http://www.crise.ox.ac.uk. Accessed 7 Sept 2011

  • Valdez Z (2002) Ethnic entrepreneurship: ethnicity and the economy in enterprise. The center for comparative immigration studies

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Praag CM, Versloot P (2007) What is the value of entrepreneurship? A review of recent research. Small Bus Econ 29(4):351–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waldinger R (1986) Through the eye of the needle: immigrants and enterprise in New York’s garment trade. New York University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldinger R (1996) Still the promised city? African-Americans and new Immigrants in post-industrial New York. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldinger R, Aldrich H, Ward R (1990) Opportunities, group characteristics, and strategies. In: Waldinger R, Aldrich H, Ward R (ed) Ethnic entrepreneurs: immigrant and ethnic business in western industrial societies. Sage, Newbury Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldinger R, Bozorgmehr M (1996) Ethnic Los Angeles. Sage, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldinger R, Ward R, Aldrich H (1985) Ethnic business and occupational mobility in advanced society. Sociology 19:586–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber M (1930) The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. Scribners, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoo JK (1998) Korean immigrant entrepreneurs. Network and ethnic resources. Garland Publishing, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoo JK (2000) Utilization of social networks for immigrant entrepreneurship: a case study of Korean immigrants in the Atlanta area. Int Rev Sociol 10(3):347–363

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kabiru Isa Dandago .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dandago, K.I., Ango, Y.I. (2015). The Impact of Ethnicity on Entrepreneurship: A Global Review and Lessons for Nigeria. In: Manimala, M., Wasdani, K. (eds) Entrepreneurial Ecosystem. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2086-2_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics