Sustainable Energy Security for India—An Indicator-Based Approach

Abstract

The imperative for energy security is paramount for global, national and internal stability, and development. Using an indicator-based approach, the present study develops a framework for sustainable energy security of India. First, it presents the energy supply and demand situation in the country under different scenarios. Then it conceptualizes the notion of energy security and quantifies it for India with the help of different indicators for energy security available in the literature. Both the supply and demand side views and both micro and macro dimensions are considered in assessing how secured India as a country is with respect to our energy future. The dimensions that include energy security are: economic, environmental, social, and institutional. This will help planners and policy makers to understand India’s energy scene better and design policies to develop sustainable technologies and practices to ensure energy resources last long.

Appendix 1 A: Estimation of Sustainable Energy Security Index

Dimension	Category	Sub-category	Indicators	Unit	Actual value	Threshold values		Normalisation	Indicator values
						High	Low		Sub-category	Category	Dimension	ESSI
Economic	Supply security	Primary energy consumption per capita	Coal	kgoe	500	2100	15	0.77	0.923	0.544	0.628	0.604
			Oil	bbl/day per 1000 people	3	103	2	0.99
			Gas	M3	54	4315	30	0.99
		Reserves-to-production ratio	Coal	Years	111	481	19	0.20	0.124
			Oil	Years	21	258	8	0.05
			Gas	Years	23.3	220	10	0.06
		Import dependence	Share of energy imports	%	33	90	7	0.69	0.562
			Share of oil imports	%	70	85	0	0.18
			Oil vulnerability index	No	0.93	1.11	0.3	0.22
			Fuel imports as a % of GDP	%	5.9	30	1.4	0.84
		Supply infrastructure	Villages connected to electric grid	%	92	100	0	0.92	0.630
			Villages with LPG connection	%	11	100	0	0.11
			Villages with road connectivity	%	62	100	10	0.58
	Diversification	Fuel share in primary energy	Biomass	%	24	47	4	0.47	0.660	0.556
			Coal	%	38	77	0.06	0.51
			Petroleum products	%	26	85	18.8	0.89
			Natural gas	%	7	60.1	1.5	0.91
			Renewable energy in total primary energy supply	%	30	98	1.6	0.29
		Fuel share in final energy	Biomass	%	31	98	0	0.32	0.427
			Oil	%	20	51	0	0.61
			Electricity	%	13	22	0.5	0.58
			Share of fossil fuels in electricity generation	%	76	100	0.1	0.24
			Share of fossil fuels in installed capacity	%	78	100	0.1	0.22
			Share of locally produced fuel as a % of total supply	%	70	75	10	0.92
			Share of renewables as a % of total power supply	%	12.5	99.8	0	0.13
	Energy intensity	National energy intensity	Energy intensity of society	GJ/cap	24	325	8	0.95	0.870	0.761
			Energy intensity of economy	toe/$ million (ppp)	190	519	98	0.78
		Sectoral energy intensity	Industry	koe/$ 2005 (ppp)	0.04	0.1	0.01	0.67	0.634
			Commercial sector	koe/$ 2005 (ppp)	0.06	0.11	0.02	0.56
			Agricultural sector	koe/$ 2005 p	0.09	0.11	0.008	0.20
			Passenger transport	MJ/PKM	1.4	4.5	1.3	0.97
			Goods transport	MJ/tonne-km	3	5	1.2	0.53
	Energy efficiency	Energy production efficiency	Coal-based power	%	27	45	23	0.18	0.430	0.452
			Gas-based power	%	39	51	27	0.50
			Hydro-power	%	80	90	70	0.50
			Renewables	%	15	20	10	0.50
			Oil refineries	%	75	91.4	65	0.38
		Energy transport efficiency	Power grid (T&D)	%	78	92	70	0.36	0.482
			Oil distribution	%	80	90	60	0.67
			Coal transport	%	70	85	62	0.35
		Energy end-use efficiency (HH sector)	Biomass stove	%	15	30	10	0.25	0.443
			Kerosene stove		30	40	25	0.33
			LPG stove	%	70	80	55	0.60
			Electrical appliance	%	75	85	65	0.50
	Energy consumption	Final energy consumption (per capita)	Biomass energy	kg/cap	170	1100	25	0.13	0.853	0.853
			Oil	l/cap	173	5610	50	0.98
			Natural gas	cu.m/cap	54	3163	30	0.99
			Electricity	kWh/cap	498	15600	103	0.97
	Taxes and subsidies	Energy taxes (as a share of energy price)	Petrol	%	48	76	42	0.18	0.161	0.499
			Diesel	%	34	75	30	0.09
			Electricity	%	15	56	5	0.20
		Energy subsidies (as % of GDP)	Diesel	%	1	2.8	0.8	0.90	0.687
			Kerosene	%	0.6	0.9	0.15	0.40
			Electricity	%	1	2	0.5	0.67
Social	Affordability	Energy prices	Biomass fuels	US$/GJ	2.4	4	0.05	0.59	0.415	0.449	0.546
			Electricity	USc/kWh	12	50	1	0.22
			Gas	US$/l	0.5	1.9	0.05	0.24
			Petrol	US$/l	1.1	2.52	0.09	0.42
			Diesel	US$/l	0.82	2.03	0.07	0.38
			Kerosene	US$/l	0.25	0.4	0.1	0.50
		Share of energy expenditure in total expenditure	High income HH	%	5	14.1	2.8	0.81	0.519
			Middle income HH	%	7	11	1.5	0.42
			Low income HH	%	8	12	2.7	0.43
			BPL households	%	12	15	3.5	0.26
		Energy connectivity	HH with electricity connection	%	56	100	11	0.51	0.403
			HH with LPG connection	%	25.4	92.3	1.6	0.26
	Equity	Energy access	HH using kerosene for lighting	%	42	89	0	0.47	0.586	0.421
			HH using solid fuels for cooking	%	56	96.2	0	0.58
			Traditional energy in total HH energy use	%	65	95	0	0.68
		Energy adequacy	Household electrical power per capita	W/cap	90	2620	28	0.02	0.103
			Household solid fuels use per capita	GJ/cap	2.2	12	0.1	0.18
			Household petroleum fuels use per capita	l/cap	175	5760	58	0.02
	Reliability	Energy rationing	Average load shedding in rural areas	h/day	12	20	0	0.40	0.737	0.717
			Average load shedding in urban areas	h/day	6	12	0	0.50
			Peak demand shortage (%)		13	65	10	0.95
			Energy shortage (%)		10	80	5	0.93
		Energy quality	Unplanned interruptions/year	No.	35	6	82	0.38	0.696
			Household electricity consumption	kWh/cap	498	15600	103	0.97
			Noncommercial energy in total energy consumption by HH	%	54	90	0	0.60
Environmental	Global climate change	GHG emissions	CO2 emissions from electricity	t/cap	0.9	2.06	0.1	0.59	0.897	0.846	0.673
			CO2 emissions from transport sector	t/cap	0.125	12.8	0.011	0.99
			CO2 emissions from industrial sector	t/cap	0.34	12.06	0.013	0.97
			GHG emissions	t/cap	1.45	44	0.1	0.97
		GHG intensity	CO2 emissions/GDP	kg/US $(PPP)	0.565	4.83	0.026	0.89	0.791
			CO2 emissions/kWh of power generation	kg CO2/GJ	70	120		0.42
			CO2 emissions/cap	kg/US $ (PPP)	1.4	31	0.06	0.96
	Air Pollution	Energy production	AAQS (PM10)	ug/m3	75	175	40	0.74	0.652	0.716
			AAQS (SO2)	ug/m3	90	175	20	0.55
		Energy consumption	Standard for sulfur (S) content of diesel fuel in parts	ppm	500	5000	50	0.91	0.775
			SO2 emissions per populated area	1000 t/km2 of land area	1150	21390	30	0.95
			Air pollution index	No.	77.5	97	28	0.28
	Ecological	Water pollution	Waste water treated	%	35	100	10	0.28	0.250	0.360
			Water quality index	No.	35	96	18	0.22
		Soil pollution	Waste collected and adequately disposed	%	25	100	11	0.16	0.134
			Solid waste	kg/cap/y	150	780	75	0.11
		Ecological impacts	Forest cover	% of land area	23.7	90	2	0.25	0.555
			Deforestation attributed to energy use	%/year	0.35	1.23	0.05	0.75
Institutional/governance		Resource governance index	Institutional/legal setting	Score	60	100	26	0.46	0.721	0.721
			Reporting practices	Score	72	97	23	0.66
			Safe guards and quality controls	Score	83	98	26	0.79
			Enabling environment	Score	71	98	9	0.70
			Governance of state owned companies	Score	92	99	15	0.92
	Energy sector governance (score)	Policy	Availability national energy policies	Score	3	3	0	1.00	0.745
			Extent of implementation of energy policies	Score	1	3	0	0.33
			Quality of energy planning (integrated planning)	Score	1	3	0	0.33
			Level of coordination (how directions given at regional level translate into action)	Score	1	1	0	1.00
		Institutions	Adequacy of institutions at the national/regional level	Score	2	3	0	0.67	0.471	0.657	0.561
			PPP in energy sector	Score	1	3	0	0.33
			Efficacy of institutions for delivery of energy services	Score	1	3	0	0.33
		Legislation	Availability various acts related to energy	Score	3	3	0	1.00	0.720
			Efficacy of implementation	Score	1	3	0	0.33
			Energy efficiency standards	Score	2	3	0	0.67
	Private sector participation	Contribution	Share in total installed capacity	%	9	100	0	0.09	0.095	0.294
			Share in total power generation	%	10	100	0	0.10
		Participation	Share of private sector investment in total	%	8	100	0	0.08	0.404
			Availability of enabling framework for private sector participation	Score	2	3	0	0.67
			Share ofpetroleum refinery capacity	%	20	100	0	0.20
	Finance/funding	Financial access	Ease of access to finance for energy project financing	Score	2	3	0	0.67	0.471	0.471
			Ease of access to finance for energy efficiency/renewable energy for households	Score	1	3	1	0.00