Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a collective term used for oxygen-derived free radicals (superoxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide) and non-radical oxygen derivatives of high reactivity (singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite). ROS can be either harmful or beneficial to the body. An imbalance between formation and removal of free radicals can lead to a pathological condition called as oxidative stress. However, the human body employs molecules known as antioxidants to counteract these free radicals. But late several studies have indicated that antioxidants can also have deleterious effects on human health depending on dosage and bioavailability. This makes it essential to analyze the extent of utility of antioxidants in the improvement of human health. It is noteworthy that if the generation of free radicals exceeds the protective effects of antioxidants, this can cause oxidative damage which accumulates during the life cycle, and this has been implicated in aging and age-dependent diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and other chronic conditions. This chapter highlights the main themes from studies on free radicals, antioxidants, and oxidative stress and effect of oxidative stress in diseases.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sivanandham V (2011) Free radicals in health and diseases. Pharmacol Online 11:1062–1077
Tiwari AK (2004) Antioxidants: new- generation therapeutic base for treatment of polygenic disorders. Curr Sci 86:1092–1102
Shinde A, Ganu J, Naik P (2012) Effect of free radicals & antioxidants on oxidative stress. J Dent Allied Sci 1:63–66
Kunwar A, Priyadarsini KI (2011) Free radicals, oxidative stress and importance of antioxidants in human health. J Med Allied Sci 1:53–60
Chance B, Sies H, Boveris A (1979) Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organisms. Physiol Rev 59:527–605
De Groot H (1994) Reactive oxygen species in tissue injury. Hepatogastroenterology 41:328–332
Nakazawa J, Genka C, Fujishima M (1996) Pathological aspects of active oxygens/free radicals. Hepatogastroenterology 46:15–32
Toykuni S (1999) Reactive oxygen species–induced molecular damage and its application in pathology. Pathol Int 49:91–102
Aruoma OI (1994) Nutrition and health aspects of free radicals and antioxidants. Food Chem Toxicol 32:671–683
Proulx M, du Souich P (1995) Inflammation-induced decrease in hepatic cytochrome P450 in conscious rabbits is accompanied by an increase in hepatic oxidative stress. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 87:221–236
Cederbaum AI (2001) Introduction—serial review: alcohol, oxidative stress, and cell injury. Free Radic Biol Med 31:1524–1526
Lieber CS (1997) Cytochrome P450 2E1: its physiological and pathological role. Physiol Rev 77:517–544
Sultatos LG (1988) Effects of acute ethanol administration on the hepatic xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase system in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 246:946–949
Rosen GM, Pou S, Ramos CL et al (1995) Free radicals and phagocytic cells. FASEB J 9:200–209
Kohchi C, Inagawa H, Nishizawa T, Soma G (2009) ROS and innate immunity. Anticancer Res 29:817–821
Klebanoff SJ (2005) Myeloperoxidase: friend and foe. J Leukoc Biol 77(5):598–625
Heinecke JW, Li W, Francis GA, Goldstein JA (1993) Tyrosyl radical generated by myeloperoxidase catalyzes the oxidative cross-linking of proteins. J Clin Invest 91(6):2866–2872
McCord JM (1988) Iron, free radicals, and oxidative injury. Semin Hematol 35:5–12
Tsukamoto H, Lu SC (2001) Current concepts in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. FASEB J 15:1335–1349
Sadrzadeh SM, Nanji AA, Price PL (1994) The oral iron chelator, 1,2– dimethyl–3–hydroxypyrid–4–one reduces hepatic free iron, lipid peroxidation and fat accumulation in chronically ethanol–fed rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 269:632–636
Lian AP, Hua H, Chuong PH (2008) Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int J Biol Sci 4:89–96
Orrenius S, McConkey DJ, Bellomo G, Nicotera P (1989) Role of Ca2+ in toxic cell killing. Trends Pharmacol Sci 10:281–285
Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S (2011) Calcium and cell death mechanisms: a perspective from the cell death community. Cell Calcium 50:211–221
Kohen R, Nyska A (2002) Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress and antioxidants. Toxicol Pathol 30:620–630
Sevanian A, Ursini F (2000) Lipid peroxidation in membranes and low-density lipoproteins: similarities and differences. Free Radic Biol Med 29:306–311
Mates JM (2000) Effects of antioxidant enzymes in the molecular control of reactive oxygen species toxicology. Toxicology 153:83–104
Fridovich I (1997) Superoxide anion radical, superoxide dismutases, and related matters. J Biol Chem 272:18515–18517
Seifried HE, Anderson DE, Fisher EI, Milner JA (2007) A review of the interaction among the dietary antioxidants and reactive oxygen species. J Nutr Biochem 18:567–579
Schafer FQ, Buettner GR (2001) Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple. Free Radic Biol Med 30:1191–1212
Block G, Pattersen B, Subar A (1992) Fruit, vegetables and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Cancer 18:1–29
Auroma OI (1998) Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease. JAOCS 75:199–212
Peake JM (2003) Vitamin C: effects of exercise and requirements with training. Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab 13:125–151
Hogg N, Kalyanaraman B (1999) Nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1411:378–384
Winterbourn CC (2008) Reconciling the chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species. Nat Chem Biol 4:278–286
Beckman KB, Ames BN (1997) Oxidative decay of DNA. J Biol Chem 272:19633–19636
Wu D, Cederbaum AI (2004) Alcohol, oxidative stress and free radical damage. Alcohol Res Health 27(4):277–284
Spencer JPE, Jenner A, Aruoma OI, Cross CE et al (1996) Oxidative DNA damage in human respiratory tract epithelial cells. Time course in relation to DNA strand breakage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 224:17–22
Breen AP, Murphy JA (1995) Reactions of oxyl radicals with DNA. Free Radic Biol Med 18:1033–1077
Lander HM (1997) An essential role for free radicals and derived species in signal transduction. FASEB J 11:118–124
Droge W (2002) Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 82:47–95
Bedard K, Krause KH (2007) The Nox family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 87:245–313
Jiang F, Zhang Y, Dusting GJ (2011) NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signaling: roles in cellular stress response, stress tolerance, and tissue repair. Pharmacol Rev 63:218–242
Fukai M (2006) Redox signaling in angiogenesis: role of NADPH oxidase. Cardiovasc Res 71:226–235
Knight JA (1998) Free radicals: their history and current status in aging and disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci 28:331–346
Schreck R, Baeuerle PA (1991) A role for oxygen radicals as second messengers. Trends Cell Biol 1:39–42
Kehrer JP (1993) Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Crit Rev Toxicol 23:21–48
Diplock AT, Rice-Evans AC, Burton RY et al (1994) Is there a significant role of lipid peroxidation in the causation of malignancy and for antioxidants in cancer prevention? Cancer Res 54:19525–19565
Waris G, Ahsan H (2006) Reactive oxygen species: role in the development of cancer and various chronic conditions. J Carcinog 5:14
Chapple IL (1997) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Periodontol 24:287–296
Li X, Fang P, Mai J, Choi ET et al (2013) Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as novel therapy for inflammatory diseases and cancers. J Hematol Oncol 25:6–19
Geronikaki AA, Gavalas AM (2006) Antioxidants and inflammatory disease: synthetic and natural antioxidants with anti-inflammatory activity. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 9(6):425–442
Dhalla NS, Temsah RM, Netticadan T (2000) Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J Hypertens 18:655–673
Zhang N, Bradley TA, Zhang C (2010) Inflammation and reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular Disease. World J Cardiol 2:408–410
Suzy A, Comhair A, Erzurum SC (2002) Antioxidant responses to oxidant- mediated lung diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 283:L246–L255
Johansen JS, Harris AK, Rychly DJ et al (2005) Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in Diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 4:1–11
Kaneto H, Katakami N, Matsuhisa M et al (2010) Role of reactive oxygen species in the progression of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis mediators of inflammation. Mediat Inflamm 2010:453892
Makker K, Agarwal A, Sharma R (2009) Oxidative stress & male infertility. Indian J Med Res 129:357–367
Miquel J, Economos AC, Fleming J et al (1980) Mitochondrial role in cell aging. Exp Gerontol 15:575–591
Afanas’ev I (2010) Signaling and damaging functions of free radicals in aging-free radical theory, hormesis, and TOR. Aging Dis 1:75–88
Pimentel C, Batista-Nascimento L, Rodrigues-Pousada C, Menezes RA (2012) Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases: insights from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2012:1–9
Gilgun-Sherki Y, Melamed E, Offen D (2001) Oxidative stress induced- neurodegenerative diseases: the need for antioxidants that penetrate the blood brain barrier. Neuropharmacology 40:959–975
Kohen R, Nyska A (2002) Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicol Pathol 30:620–630
Willett WC, Macmahon B (1984) Diet and cancer-an overview. N Engl J Med 310:697–703
Willcox JK, Ash SL, Catignani GL (2004) Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 44:275–295
Radimer K, Bindewald B, Hughes J et al (2004) Dietary supplement use by US adults: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999–2000. Am J Epidemiol 160:339–349
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bhattacharya, S. (2015). Reactive Oxygen Species and Cellular Defense System. In: Rani, V., Yadav, U. (eds) Free Radicals in Human Health and Disease. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2035-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2035-0_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2034-3
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2035-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)