Abstract
With an emphasis upon possibilities of reverse innovation—whereby products made and sold at low costs in emerging economies would engage developed countries or, rather the multi-national corporations (MNCs)—that global production networks (GPNs) hold, this chapter argues that the changing configuration of global production promises not only reduction of transaction costs but also a definite knowledge advantage to the emerging economies, as India. Moving beyond the reverse engineering phase, GPNs could be mutually beneficial in ultimately progressing towards emerging economies expanding their horizon of developing technology, from the frugal engineering type to larger ‘general-purpose’ technology. These efforts, the authors suggest, would result in both economic and social upgrading of consumers and producers in the emerging economies.
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Notes
- 1.
The term ‘reverse innovation’ is used in Immelt et al. (2009).
- 2.
This is not to mean that reverse engineering has ceased to exist. It exists even in the OECD countries, with all their IPR legislation. For instance, the Windows operating system of Microsoft bears a clear resemblance to the system of the Macintosh icon-based and pull-down operating system. Currently, Apple is engaged in an all-out war against Google’s Android mobile phone operating system, which it claims to be a copy, or reverse engineered.
- 3.
See Jennifer Bair (2009) for a good introduction to the subject and to its nuances.
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Nathan, D., Sarkar, S. (2014). From Reverse Engineering to Reverse Innovation: GPNs and the Emerging Powers. In: Das, K. (eds) Globalization and Standards. India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1994-1_9
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