Abstract
International trade, World Trade Organization (WTO), and energy security are three broad topics that each could be subject to standalone and detailed analysis. While some work has been done to examine the interface in an international context, there has been little or no work done to map the inter-linkages or implications for India. This introduction and the subsequent chapters seek to address and fill this gap.
Views expressed are personal. The author is indebted to colleagues at the Centre for WTO Studies, the co-contributors of this edited volume, and to the trade/energy experts who found time from their busy schedules to comment on the material in this book. The author gratefully acknowledges the outstanding research assistance provided by Ms. Preeti Mann that was instrumental in getting this and other chapters of the book ready for publication. Ms. Sonam Choudhry supported in data collection for this chapter. Professor Abhijit Das, Head, Centre for WTO Studies, provided constant encouragement and invaluable support without which this book would not have been possible.
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Notes
- 1.
The summing-up by the Chairman at the WTO Eight Ministerial Conference highlights this divergence and reads: “a number of Ministers stressed that for the WTO to remain credible and relevant it needed to address current global challenges. Some of the issues mentioned included climate change, energy, food security, trade and exchange rates, competition and investment. [….] Other Ministers expressed reservations about initiating negotiations on new issues. They were concerned about the possibility of addressing issues selectively or shifting the focus away from unresolved issues in the DDA negotiations” (WTO document WT/MIN(11)/11).
- 2.
Ayres and Ayres (2009) approach the so-called ‘energy divide’ to examine how renewable energy can replace fossil fuels. There is little or no focus on the types and relative merits of different energy resources in this book. The use of ‘energy divide’ is more to suggest that energy surplus and deficit countries may have different notions and priorities when it comes to looking at the trade and energy security linkages in WTO or other fora. This book seeks to limit itself to the more narrow confines of this debate.
- 3.
The market risk associated with sudden or large increases in prices of fossil fuels can be just as damaging as supply risks, i.e., factors or events beyond one’s control that may disrupt energy supply.
- 4.
Data from the Basic Statistics on Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas (2011–2012).
- 5.
Data from the Import Export Data Bank, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/ecom.asp (accessed on 15 April 2014).
- 6.
- 7.
Article XX and XXI of GATT 1994 and GATS Article XVI and XVI bis are similar in structure and provide the basis for general and national security exceptions, respectively.
- 8.
WTO document WT/MIN(13)/36 and WT/L/911 (available online at https://docs.wto.org/).
- 9.
There are, however, members who have not bound tariffs on crude oil at the WTO.
- 10.
Banskota (2012) looks at the trade and energy security interface mainly from a regional (South Asia) perspective.
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Mathur, S. (2014). An Introduction to Trade, WTO, and Energy Security: Linkages for India. In: Mathur, S. (eds) Trade, the WTO and Energy Security. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1955-2_1
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