Abstract
Xanthine oxidase is an important source of free oxygen radicals, especially superoxide anions, because it is able to use molecular oxygen instead of NAD+ as electron acceptor in the two-step conversion of hypoxanthine to uric acid. This reaction mechanism has been confirmed in both animal and human studies (Connors et al. 1981; Brown et al. 1988; Ferreira et al. 1988; Pietz et al. 1988) and is probably the primary source of reactive oxygen species after reperfusion of ischemic tissues (Saugstad and Aasen 1980).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson BO, Moore EE, Moore FA, Leff JA, Terada LS, Harken AH, Repine JE (1991) Hypovolemic shock promotes neutrophil sequestration in lungs by a xanthine oxidase-related mechanism. J Appl Physiol 71:1862–1865
Brown JM, Terada LS, Grosso MA, Whitmann DJ, Velasco SE, Patt A, Harken AH, Repine JE (1988) Xanthine oxidase produces hydrogen peroxide which contributes to reperfusion injury of ischemic, isolated, perfused rat hearts. J Clin Invest 81:1297–1301
Connors MC, Harkness RA, Simmonds RJ, Hytten FE (1981) The measurement of hypoxanthine, xanthine, inosine and uridine in umbilical cord and fetal blood samples as a measure of fetal asphyxia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 88:381–390
Ferreira R, Llesuy S, Milei J, Scordo D, Hourquebil H, Motteni L, de Palma C, Boveris A (1988) Assessment of myocardial oxidative stress in patients after myocardial revascularization. Am Heart J 115:307–312
Granger DN, Hollwarth ME, Parks DA (1986) Ischemia-reperfusion injury: role of oxygen-derived free radicals. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 548:47–63
Grum CM, Ragsdale RA, Ketai LH, Simon RH (1987) Plasma xanthine oxidase activity in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. J Crit Care 2:22–26
Majkic-Singh N, Bogavac I, Kalimanovska V, Jelie Z, Spasic S (1987) Spectrophotometric assay of xanthine oxidase with 2:2′-azino-di (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) as chromogen. Clin Chim Acta 162:29–36
McCord JM (1985) Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med 312:159–163
Nishino T, Okamoto K, Kawaguchi Y, Matsumura HHT, Eger BT, Pai EF, Nishino T (2005) Mechanism of the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthineoxidase. J Biol Chem 280(I26):24888–24894
Pietz J, Guttenberg N, Gluck L (1988) Hypoxanthine: marker for asphyxia. Obstet Gynecol 72:762–766
Rodell TC, Cheronis JC, Ohnemus CL, Piermattei DJ, Repine JE (1987) Xanthine oxidase mediates elastase-induced injury to isolated lungs and endothelium. J Appl Physiol 63:2159–2163
Saugstad OD, Aasen AO (1980) Plasma hypoxanthine concentrations in pigs: a prognostic aid in hypoxia. Eur Surg Res 12:123–129
Sokol RJ, Devereaux MW, Khandwala R (1998) Effect of oxypurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, on hepatic injury in the bile duct-ligated rat. Pediatr Res 44(3):397–401
Sood PP, Bapu C, Sinha N, Rao AP (1997) Cholesterol and triglyceride fluctuations in mice tissues during methylmercury intoxication and monothiols and vitamin therapy. J Nutr Environ Med 7:155–162
Terada LS, Dormish JJ, Shankey PF, Leff JA, Anderson BO, Refine JE (1992) Circulating xanthine oxidase mediates lung neutrophil sequestration after intestinal ischemia – reperfusion. Am J Physiol 263:L394–L401
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nabi, S. (2014). Toxic Responses of the Plasma Xanthine Oxidase (XO). In: Toxic Effects of Mercury. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1922-4_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1922-4_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-1921-7
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-1922-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)