Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Smart e-Textile-Based Nanosensors for Cardiac Monitoring with Smart Phone and Wireless Mobile Platform

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Micro and Smart Devices and Systems

Part of the book series: Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering ((STME))

Abstract

Wireless monitoring of Cardiac activity for diagnostic purposes as well as rehabilitative applications has gained significant traction over the past decade. The integration of the nanotextile-based sensors in regular clothing can make the health monitoring system completely unobtrusive and “invisible” for everyday use. A significant research effort has been underway to bring these technologies out of the lab and encourage their use in clinical practice. In this paper, we review the promising efforts made in this direction and address some of the remaining impediments to the wide adoption of these technologies. Based on the existing literature, we conclude that the clinical adoption of these systems may require a trade-off between existing diagnostic techniques for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) and techniques that can be reproducibly and robustly implemented on textiles.We focus specifically on the measurement of Cardiac Biopotentials (CBP) using smart nanotextile garments and wireless systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mathers CD, Loncar D (2006) Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 3(11):e442

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sastry URB (2004) An overview of worldwide developments in smart textile. Tech Text Int 13(4):31–35

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  3. Liu Y (2008) Functionalization of cotton with carbon nanotubes. J Mater Chem 18:3454–3460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Helm RA (1955) Theory of vectorcardiography: a review of fundamental concepts. Am Heart J 49:135–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Frank E (1956) An accurate, clinically practical system for spatial vectorcardiography. Circulation 13:737–749

    Google Scholar 

  6. Malmivuo J, Plonsey R (1995) Bioelectromagnetism: principles and applications of bioelectric and biomagnetic fields. Oxford University Press, USA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  7. Brosche TAM (2010) EKG handbook. Jones and Bartlett, Sudbury, M.A., Sect. 10, pp 87–98

    Google Scholar 

  8. Correa R, Arini PD, Valentinuzzi ME et al (2013) Novel set of vectorcardiographic parameters for the identification of ischemic patients. Med Eng Phys 35(1):16–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Yang H (2011) Multiscale recurrence quantification analysis of spatial cardiac vectorcardiogram signals. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 58(2):339,347

    Google Scholar 

  10. Huang C, Li-Wei K, Lu S et al (2011) A vectorcardiogram-based classification system for the detection of Myocardial infarction. In: Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC, 2011, pp 973,976, 30 Aug–3 Sept 2011

    Google Scholar 

  11. Correa R, Laciar E, Arini P et al (2010) Analysis of QRS loop in the vectorcardiogram of patients with Chagas’ disease. In: 2010 Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2561,2564, 31 Aug–4 Sept 2010

    Google Scholar 

  12. Riera ARP, Uchida AH, Filho CF (2007) Significance of vectorcardiogram in the cardiological diagnosis of the 21st Century. Clin Cardiol 30(7):319–323

    Google Scholar 

  13. Chi YM, Cauwenberghs G (2010) Wireless non-contact EEG/ECG electrodes for body sensor networks. In: 2010 International conference on body sensor networks (BSN), pp 297,301, 7–9 June 2010

    Google Scholar 

  14. Xu PJ, Zhang H, Tao XM (2008) Textile-structured electrodes for electrocardiogram. Text Prog 40:183–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Fernandes MS, Lee KS, Ram et al (2010) Flexible PDMS -based dry electrodes for electro-optic acquisition of ECG signals in wearable devices. In: 2010 Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), pp 3503,3506, 31 Aug–4 Sept 2010

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ruffini G, Dunne S, Farres E et al (2007) ENOBIO dry electrophysiology electrode; first human trial plus wireless electrode system. In: 29th Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2007. EMBS 2007, pp 6689,6693, 22–26 Aug 2007

    Google Scholar 

  17. Jung H, Moon J, Baek D et al (2012) CNT/PDMS composite flexible dry electrodesfor long-term ECG monitoring. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 59(5):1472,1479

    Google Scholar 

  18. Baek J, An J, Choi J et al (2008) Flexible polymeric dry electrodes for the long-term monitoring of ECG. Sens Actuators A 143(2):423–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Varadan VK, Oh S, Kwon H, Hankins P (2010) Wireless point-of-care diagnosis for sleep disorder with dry nanowire electrodes. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 1(3):031012-031012-11

    Google Scholar 

  20. Fiedler P, Griebel S, Fonseca C et al (2012) Novel Ti/TiN Dry Electrodes and Ag/AgCl: A Direct Comparison in Multichannel EEG. In: 5th European conference of the international federation for medical and biological engineering, V. 37 IFMBE proceedings, pp 1011–1014

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dias NS, Carmo JP, Ferreira da Silva A et al (2010) New dry electrodes based on iridium oxide (IrO) for non-invasive biopotential recordings and stimulation. Sens Actuators A: Phys 164(1–2):28–34

    Google Scholar 

  22. Chiou J, Ko L, Lin C et al (2006) Using novel MEMS EEG sensors in detecting drowsiness application. In: IEEE Biomedical circuits and systems conference, 2006. BioCAS 2006, pp 33, 36, 29 Nov–1 Dec 2006

    Google Scholar 

  23. Chi YM, Tzyy-Ping J, Cauwenberghs G (2010) Dry-contact and noncontact biopotential electrodes: methodological review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 3:106,119

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mestrovic MA, Helmer RJN, Kyratzis L et al (2007) Preliminary study of dry knitted fabric electrodes for physiological monitoring. 3rd International conference on intelligent sensors, sensor networks and information, 2007. ISSNIP 2007, pp 601–606, 3–6 Dec 2007

    Google Scholar 

  25. Shim BS, Chen W, Doty C, Xu C, Kotov NA (2008) Smart electronic yarns and wearable fabrics for human biomonitoring made by carbon nanotube coating with polyelectrolytes. Nano Lett (12):4151–4157

    Google Scholar 

  26. Rattfalt L, Chedid M, Hult P et al (2007) Electrical properties of textile electrodes. 29th Annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, 2007. EMBS 2007, pp 5735–5738, 22–26 Aug 2007

    Google Scholar 

  27. Oh TI, Yoon S, Kim TE et al (2013) Nanofiber web textile dry electrodes for long-term biopotential recording. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 7(2):204, 211

    Google Scholar 

  28. Rai P, Oh S, Shyamkumar P et al (2014) Nano- bio- textile sensors with mobile wireless platform for wearable health monitoring of neurological and cardiovascular disorders. J Electrochem Soc 161(2):B3116–B3150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Karaguzel B, Merritt CR, Kang T et al (2008) Utility of nonwovens in the production of integrated electrical circuits via printing conductive inks. J Text Inst 99(1):37–45

    Google Scholar 

  30. Araki T, Nogi M, Suganuma K et al (2011) Printable and stretchable conductive wirings comprising silver flakes and elastomers. IEEE Electron Device Lett 32(10):1424,1426 (Mathers CD, Loncar D (2006) Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 3(11):e442)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Romaguera VS, Madec MB, Yeates SG (2009) Inkjet printing of conductive polymers for smart textiles and flexible electronics. In: Materials and devices for flexible and stretchable electronics materials research society symposium proceedings, vol 1192, pp 26–31

    Google Scholar 

  32. Rai P, Lee J, Mathur GN, Varadan VK (2012) Carbon nanotubes polymer nanoparticle inks for healthcare textile. In: Proceedings of the SPIE 8548, Nanosystems in Engineering and Medicine, 854822, 24Oct 2012

    Google Scholar 

  33. Rai P, Kumar PS, Oh S, Kwon H, Mathur GN, Varadan VK, Agarwal MP (2012) Smart healthcare textile sensor system for unhindered-pervasive health monitoring. In: Proceedings of the SPIE 8344, Nanosensors, biosensors, and info-tech sensors and systems 2012, 83440E, 26 April 2012

    Google Scholar 

  34. Varadan VK, Kumar PS, Oh S et al (2011) e-bra with nanosensors for real time cardiac health monitoring and smartphone communication. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2(2):021011-021011-7

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kumar PS, Rai P, Oh S et al (2012) Nanocomposite electrodes for smartphone enabled healthcare garments: e-bra and smart vest. In: Proceedings of the SPIE 8548, Nanosystems in engineering and medicine, 85481O, 24 Oct 2012

    Google Scholar 

  36. Geddes LA, Baker LE (1996) The relationship between input impedance and electrode area in recording the ECG. Med Biol Eng 4(5):439–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Varadan VK, Kumar PS, Oh S et al (2011) e-Nanoflex sensor system: smartphone-based roaming health monitor. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2(1):011016-011016-11

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kumar PS, Oh S, Kwon H, Rai P, Varadan VK (2013) Smart real-time cardiac diagnostic sensor systems for football players and soldiers under intense physical training. In: Proceedings of the SPIE 8691, nanosensors, biosensors, and info-tech sensors and systems 2013, 869108, 9 April 2013

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kwon H, Oh S, Kumar PS, Varadan VK (2012) E-Bra system for women ECG measurement with GPRS communication, nanosensor, and motion artifact remove algorithm. In: Proceedings of the SPIE 8548, nanosystems in engineering and medicine, 85482 N, 24 Oct 2012

    Google Scholar 

  40. Custodio V, Herrera FJ, Lopez G et al (2012) A review on architectures and communications technologies for wearable health-monitoring systems. Sensors 12:13907-13946

    Google Scholar 

  41. Field DQ, Feldman CL, Horacek BM (2002) Improved EASI coefficients: Their derivation, values, and performance. J Electrocardiol 35(4):23–33

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

One of the authors, Vijay K. Varadan would like to extend his gratitude to Dr. Vasudev K. Aatre for his constant and continuing support, encouragement, and mentorship during the course of his research work in acoustics, electromagnetics, smart materials and systems, and health care. This research was conducted with the endowment for smart textiles for health care, from Global Institute for Nanotechnology in Engineering and Medicine Inc., 700 Research Center Blvd., Fayetteville, AR 72701.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

    Prashanth Kumar, Pratyush Rai, Sechang Oh & Vijay K. Varadan

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

    Vijay K. Varadan

  3. Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University Medical School, Hershey, PA, USA

    Robert E. Harbaugh & Vijay K. Varadan

  4. Global Institute of Nanotechnology in Engineering and Medicine, Fayetteville, AR, USA

    Vijay K. Varadan

Authors
  1. Prashanth Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pratyush Rai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sechang Oh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Robert E. Harbaugh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Vijay K. Varadan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vijay K. Varadan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    K. J. Vinoy

  2. Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    G. K. Ananthasuresh

  3. Centre Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Rudra Pratap

  4. Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    S. B. Krupanidhi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kumar, P., Rai, P., Oh, S., Harbaugh, R.E., Varadan, V.K. (2014). Smart e-Textile-Based Nanosensors for Cardiac Monitoring with Smart Phone and Wireless Mobile Platform. In: Vinoy, K., Ananthasuresh, G., Pratap, R., Krupanidhi, S. (eds) Micro and Smart Devices and Systems. Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1913-2_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1913-2_23

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi

  • Print ISBN: 978-81-322-1912-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-81-322-1913-2

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation