Abstract
Viral and fungal infections of the orbit, although not as common as bacterial etiologies, still remain important causes of orbital inflammations and proptosis. The past decade has seen a resurgence of a variety of fungal and viral agents involving orbits due to rising trends of HIV infections and other immunosuppressive comorbidities like diabetes; however the incidence may vary based on regional epidemiology. The modalities of orbital invasion can be contiguous from sinuses or oropharynx or through direct deposition from foreign bodies or from septicemia. The present chapter would discuss the various microbial factors, specific symptomatology, clinical signs, investigative modalities, management, complications, and outcomes of viral and fungal infections of the orbit.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kanski JJ, Bowling B. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus. In: Kanski JJ, Bowling B, editors. Clinical ophthalmology – a systematic approach. London: Elsevier; 2011. p. 187–90.
Paraskevas GP, Anagnostou E, Vassilopoulou S, et al. Painful ophthalmoplegia with simultaneous orbital myositis, optic and oculomotor nerve inflammation and trigeminal nucleus involvement in a patient with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. BMJ Case Rep. 2012. (Epub).
Rozenbaum O, Rozenberg F, Charlotte F, et al. Catastrophic acute retinal necrosis associated with diffuse orbital cellulitis: a case report. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007;245:161–3.
Tornerup NR, Fomsgaard A, Nielsen NV. HSV-1 induced acute retinal necrosis syndrome presenting with severe inflammatory orbitopathy, proptosis and optic nerve involvement. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:397–401.
Lee MS, Cooney EL, Stoessel KM, et al. Varicella Zoster virus retrobulbar optic neuritis preceding retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:467–71.
Acharya PK, Venugopal KC, Karimsab DP, et al. Ocular manifestations in patients with HIV infection/AIDS who were referred from ART center, Hassan, Karnataka, India. J Clin Diag Res. 2012;6:1756–60.
Scheschonka A, Mosch M, Krieglsteiner S, et al. Pre and post treatment MR imaging in AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma of the conjunctiva and lacrimal gland. Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:1327–9.
Perez-Blazquez E, Redondo MI, Gracia T. AIDS and ophthalmology: a contemporary view. An Sist Santi Navar. 2008;31:69–81.
Uchiyama T, Arai K, Yamamoto-Tabata T, et al. Generalized myositis mimicking polymyositis associated with chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Neurol. 2005;252:519–25.
Jin R, Zhao P, Ma X, et al. Quantification of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in patients with idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor. PLoS One. 2013;8:e50812.
Sakata N, Toguchi N, Kimura M, et al. Development of Langerhans cell histiocytosis associated with chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:924–7.
Van Aalsburg R, de Pagter AP, Van Genderen PJ. Urticaria and periorbital edema as prodromal presenting signs of acute hepatitis B infection. J Travel Med. 2011;18:224–5.
Strianese D, Tranfa F, Finelli M, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in ocular adnexal lymphoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128:1295–9.
Verma V, Shen D, Sieving PC, et al. The role of infectious agents in the etiology of ocular adnexal neoplasia. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53:312–31.
Shome D, Jaydeep W, Angshuman M. Orbital infections. In: Subrahmanyam M, editor. Surgical atlas of orbital diseases. New Delhi: Jaypee Medical Brothers Publishers; 2007. p. 120–7.
Rootman J. Inflammatory disorders. In: Rootman J, editor. Diseases of the orbit: a multidisciplinary approach. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott William Wilkins; 2004. p. 467–81.
Ferry AP, Abedi S. Diagnosis and management of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis. A report of 16 personally observed cases. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:1096–104.
Lee FY, Mossad SB, Adal KA. Pulmonary mucormycosis: the last 30 years. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1301–9.
Gass JDM. Ocular manifestations of acute mucormycosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1961;65:226–37.
Langford JD, McCartney DL, Wang RC. Frozen section-guided surgical debridement for management of rhino-orbital mucormycosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124:265–7.
Kohn R, Hepler R. Management of limited rhino-orbital mucormycosis without exenteration. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:1440–4.
Johnson TE, Casiano RR, Kronish JW, et al. Sino-orbital aspergillosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:57–64.
Sivak-Calcott JA, Livesly N, Nugent RA, et al. Localized invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis: characteristic features. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:681–7.
Mody KH, Ali MJ, Vemuganti GK, et al. Orbital aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98(10):1379–84.
Ajayi BG, Osuntokun B, Olurin O, et al. Orbital histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum: successful treatment with Septrin. J Trop Med Hyg. 1986;89:179–87.
Vida L, Moel SA. Systemic North American blastomycosis with orbital involvement. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974;77:240–2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ali, M.J. (2017). Viral and Fungal Infections of the Orbit. In: Mukherjee, B., Yuen, H. (eds) Emergencies of the Orbit and Adnexa. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1807-4_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1807-4_34
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-1806-7
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-1807-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)