Abstract
Gottlieb Haberlandt (Math Naturwiss 111:69–92 1902), a German plant physiologist, for the first time initiated the work on tissue culture. His work arose as a research tool and attempts were made to culture the isolated, fully differentiated cells in nutrient medium in vitro as early as 1898. The theoretical basis of tissue culture lies in the cell theory given by Schleiden and Schwann (1838–1839). Practically, this technique stands on the concept of “totipotency,” i.e., each cell has the ability to regenerate into a new plant. The field finds a wide range of applications starting from mass clonal propagation to plant improvement, molecular biology, bio-processing as well as a basic research tool. It has advanced the production in forestry and agriculture to many folds. There are a number of reviews published on tissue culture of woody and tree species which provide the wide-ranging micropropagation reports of various plant species. In this way, this chapter highlights the current review in tree tissue culture in vitro and micropropagation of other valuable plants, their significance, and the wide scope existing for investigations on mass multiplication and conservation of these plants.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbas H, Qaiser M, Naqvi B (2010) Rapid in vitro multiplication of Acacia nilotica subsp. hemispherica, a critically endangered endemic taxon. Pak J Bot 42:4087–4093
Adams AN (1972) An improved medium for strawberry meristem culture. J Hortic Sci 47:263–264
Ahee J, Duhoux E (1994) Root culturing of Faidherbia = Acacia albida as a source of explants for shoot regeneration. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 36:219–225
Ahmad N, Anis M (2011) An efficient in vitro process of recurrent production of cloned plants of Vitex negundo L. Eur J Fores Res 130:135–144
Ahuja MR (1993) Micropropagation a la carte In: Ahuja MR (ed) Micropropagation of woody plants, forestry series. Kluwer Academic, Netherlands 41, p 3–9
Ajithkumar D, Seeni S (1998) Rapid clonal multiplication through in vitro axillary shoot proliferation of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr., a medicinal tree. Plant Cell Rep. 17:422–426.
Akbas FA, Isikalan C, Namli S, Basaran D (2007) Micropropagation of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Int J Agri Biol 9:389–493
Akin-Idowu PE, Ibitoye DO, Ademoyegun OT (2009) Tissue culture as a plant production technique for horticultural crops. Afri J Biotechnol 8:3782–3788
Ali MB, Hahn EJ, Paek KY (2005) Effects of light intensities on antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde content during short-term acclimatization on micropropagated Phalaenopsis plantlet. Environ Exp Bot 54:109–120
Amancio S, Rebordao JP, Chaves MM (1999) Improvement of acclimatization of micropropagated grapevine: Photosynthetic competence and carbon allocation. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 58:31–37
Amiard V, Mueh KE, Demmig-Adams B, Ebbert V, Turgeon R, Adams WW III (2005) Anatomical and photosynthetic acclimation to the light environment in species with differing mechanisms of phloem loading. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:12968–12973
Ammar W, Nouairi I, Zarrouk M, Ghorbel M, Jemal F (2008) Antioxidative response to cadmium in roots and leaves of tomato plants. Biol Plant 52:727–731
Amo-Marco JB, Ibanez MR (1998) Micropropagation of Limonium cavanillesii Erben., a threatened statice, from inflorescence stems. Plant Growth Regul 24:49–54
Anis M, Ahmad N, Siddique I, Varshney A, Naz R, Perveen S, Khan Md I, Ahmed Md R, Husain MK, Khan PR, Aref IM (2012) Biotechnological approaches for the conservation of some forest tree species. In: Jenkins JA (ed) Forest decline: causes and impacts. Nova Publishers, Inc., p 1–39
Anis M, Varshney A, Siddique I (2010) In vitro clonal propagation of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Agrofores Syst 78:151–158
Antonietta G, Ahmad H, Maurizio M, Alvare S (2007) Preliminary research on conversion of encapsulated somatic embryos of Citrus reticulata Blanco. cv. Mandarino Tardivo di Ciaculli. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 88:117–120
Anuradha M, Pullaih T (1999) In vitro seed culture and induction of enhanced axillary branching in Pterocarpus santalinus and a method for rapid multiplication. Phytomorph 49:157–163
Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:206–216
Ara H, Jaiswal U, Jaiswal VS (2000) Synthetic seed: prospects and limitations. Curr Sci 12:1438–1444
Arora K, Sharma M, Srivastava J, Ranade SA, Sharma AK (2010) In vitro cloning of Azadirachta indica from root explants. Biol Plant 55:164–168
Asada K (2000) The water-water cycle as alternative photon and electron sinks. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 355:1419–1431
Ashwath CR, Choudhary ML (2002) Rapid plant regeneration from Gerbera jamesonii Bolus callus cultures. Acta Bot Croat 61:125–134
Asthana P, Jaiswal VS, Jaiswal U (2011) Micropropagation of Sapindus trifoliatus L. and assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants using RAPD analysis. Acta Physiol Plant 33:1821–1829
Attree SM, Dunstan DI, Fowke LC (1989) Initiation of embryogenic callus and suspension cultures, and improved embryo regeneration from protoplasts, of white spruce (Picea glauca). Can J Bot 67:1790–1795
Augustine AC, D’Souza L (1997) Micropropagation of an endangered forest tree Zanthoxylum rhetsa Roxb. Phytomorph 47:319–323
Badji S, Mairone Y, Merlin G, Danthu P, Neville P, Collonna JP (1993) In vitro propagation of the gum arabic tree (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd): 1. Developing a rapid method for producing plants. Plant Cell Rep 12:629–633
Bajaj YPS, Furmanowa M, Olszowska O (1988) Biotechnology of micropropagation of medicinal and aromatic plants. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry medicinal plants Vol 4. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 60–103
Baker BS, Bhatia SK (1993) Factors effecting adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explants of quince (Cydonia oblonga). Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 35:273–277
Balaraju K, Agastian P, Ignacimuthu S, Park K (2011) A rapid in vitro propagation of red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus L.) using shoot tip explants. Acta Physiol Plant 33:2501–2510
Ball EA (1946) Development in sterile culture of stem tips and subjacent regions of Tropaeolum majus L. and of Lupinus albus L. Am J Bot 33:301–318
Ballester A, Janeiro LV, Vietez AM (1997) Cold storage of shoot cultures and alginate encapsulation of shoot tips of Camellia japonica L. and Camellia reticulata Lindley. Sci Hort 71:67–78
Barciszewski J, Rattan SIS, Siboska G, Clark BFC (1999) Kinetin—45 years on. Plant Sci 148:37–45
Barn KS, Wakhlu AK (1993) Somatic embryogenesis in plant regeneration from callus cultures of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. [J]). Plant Cell Rep 11:71–75
Bashir MA, Rashid H, Anjum MA (2007) In vitro shoot initiation from nodal explants of jojoba (Simmondsia chinesis) strains. Biotechnol 6:165–174
Batkova P, Pospisilova J, Synkova H (2008) Production of reactive oxygen species and development of antioxidative systems during in vitro growth and ex vitro transfer. Biol Plant 52:413–422
Baviera JA, Garcia JL, Ibarra M (1989) Commercial in vitro micropropagation of pear cv. Conference. Acta Hortic 256:63–68
Bellamine J, Penel C, Greppin H, Gaspar T (1998) Confirmation of the role of auxin and calcium in the late phases of adventitious root formation. Plant Growth Regul 26:191–194
Bell RL, Reed BM (2002) In vitro tissue culture of pear: Advances in techniques for micropropagation and germplasm preservation. Acta. Hortic. 596: 412–418
Bennett IJ, McComb JA, Tonkin CM, McDavid DAJ (1994) Alternating cytokinins in multiplication media stimulates in vitro shoot growth and rooting of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Ann Bot 74:53–58
Benson EE (2000) In vitro recalcitrance: an introduction. Special symposium: in vitro plant recalcitrance. Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 36:141–148
Bergmann BA, Moon HK (1997) In vitro adventitious shoot production in Paulownia. Plant Cell Rep. 16:315–319
Bhat SR, Chitralekha P, Chandel KPS (1992) Regeneration of plants from long-term root culture of lime, Citrus aurantifolia (Chirstm.) Swing. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 29:19–25
Bhatia P, Ashwath N (2005) Effect of medium pH on shoot regeneration from the cotyledonary explants of tomato. Biotechnol 4:7–10
Bhatt ID, Dhar U (2004) Factors controlling micropropagation of Myrica esculenta buch.-Ham. ex D. Don.: a high value wild edible of Kumaun Himalaya. Afri J Biotechnol 3:534–540
Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya S (1997) Rapid multiplication of Jasminium officinale L. by in vitro culture of nodal explants. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 51:57–60
Bhau BS, Wakhlu AK (2001) Effect of genotype, explant type and growth regulators on organogenesis in Morus alba. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 66:25–29
Bhojwani SS (1980) In vitro propagation of garlic by shoot proliferation. Sci Hort 13:47–52
Bhuyan AK, Pattnaik S, Chand PK (1997) Micropropagation of curry leaf tree [Murraya koenigii (L.) Spring.] by axillary proliferation using intact seedlings. Plant Cell Rep 16:779–782
Binh LT, Muoi LT, Oanh HTK, Thang RD, Phong DT (1990) Rapid propagation of Agave by in vitro tissue culture. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 23:67–70
Blinstrubiene A, Sliesaravicius A, Burbulis N (2004) Factors affecting morphogenesis in tissue culture of linseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Acta Universitatis Latviensis Biol 676:149–152
Boerjan W (2005) Biotechnology and the domestication of forest trees. Curr Opi Biotechnol 16:159–166
Borkowska B (2001) Morphological and physiological characteristics of micropropagated strawberry plants rooted in vitro or ex vitro. Sci Hortic 89:195–206
Borthakur M, Dutta K, Nath SC, Singh RS (2000) Micropropagation of Eclipta alba and Eupatorium adenophorum using a single step nodal cutting technique. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 62:239–242
Borthakur M, Hazarika J, Singh RS (1999) A protocol for micropropagation of Alpinia galanga. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 55:231–233
Bosela MJ, Michler CH (2008) Media effects on black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) shoot culture growth in vitro: evaluation of multiple nutrient formulations and cytokinin types. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 44:316–329
Brito G, Costa A, Fonseca H, Santos C (2003) Response of Olea europaea ssp. maderensis in vitro shoots to osmotic stress. Sci Hortic 97:411–417
Butcher D, Street HE (1964) Excised root culture. Biol Rev 30:513
Butenko RG, Lipsky AKH, Chernyak ND, Arya HC (1984) Changes in culture medium pH by cell suspension cultures of Dioscorea deltoides. Plant Sci Lett 35:207–212
Campbell MM, Brunner AM, Jones HM, Strauss SH (2003) Forestry’s fertile crescent: the application of biotechnology to forest trees. Plant Biotechnol 1:141–154.
Capellades M, Lemeur L, Debergh P (1991) Effects of sucrose on starch accumulation and rate of photosynthesis in Rosa cultured in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 25:21–26
Carvalho LC, Goulao L, Oliveira C, Goncalves JC, Amancio S (2004) RAPD assessment for identification of clonal identity and genetic stability of in vitro propagated chestnut hybrids. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 77:23–27
Ceasar SA, Maxwell SL, Prasad KB, Karthigan M, Ignacimuthu S (2010) Highly efficient shoot regeneration of Bacopa monnieri L. using a two-stage culture procedure and assessment of genetic integrity of micropropagated plants by RAPD. Acta Physiol Plant 32:443–452
Centeno ML, Rodriguez A, Feito I, Fernandez B (1996) Relationship between endogenous auxin and cytokinin levels and morphogenic responses in Actinidia deliciosa tissue cultures. Plant Cell Rep 16:58–62
Chan JT, Chang WC (2002) Effect of tissue culture conditions and explant characteristics on direct somatic embryogenesis in Oncidium ‘Grower Ramsay’. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 69:41–44
Chand S, Pattnaik S, Chand PK (2002) Adventitious shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration from cotyledons of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., a timber yielding tree legume. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 68:203–209
Chand S, Singh AK (2004) Plant regeneration from encapsulated nodal segments of Dalbergia sisso Roxb., a timber yielding leguminous tree species. J Plant Physiol 161:237–243
Chandrasekhar T, Hussain TM, Jayanand B (2005) In vitro micropropagation of Boswellia ovalifoliolata. Natl Cent Biotechnol Inf 60:505–507
Chandrika M, Rai RV, Thoyajaksha (2010) ISSR marker based analysis of micropropagated plantlets of Nothapodytes foetida. Biol Plant 54:561–565
Chandrika M, Thoyajaksha, Rai RV, Kini RK (2008) Assessment of genetic stability of in vitro grown Dictyospermum ovalifolium. Biol Plant 52:735–739
Chattopadhyay S, Datta SK, Mahato SB (1995) Rapid micropropagation for Mucuna pruriens f. pruriens. L. Plant Cell Rep 15:271–273
Chaturvedi HC, Mitra GC (1975) A shift in morphogenetic pattern in Citrus callus tissue during prolonged culture. Ann Bot 39:683–687
Chaturvedi HC, Sharma M, Sharma AK, Jain M, Agha BQ, Gupta P (2004) In vitro germplasm preservation through regenerative excised root culture for conservation of phytodiversity. Indian J Biotechnol 3:305–315
Chaudhary H, Sood N (2008) Purification and partial characterization of lectins from in vitro cultures of Ricinus communis. Plant Tiss Cult Biotechnol 18:89–102
Cheng TY (1979) Micropropagation of clonal fruit tree rootstocks. Compact. Fruit Tree 12:127–137
Chetia S, Handique PJ (2000) High frequency in vitro multiplication of Plumbago indica- A medicinal plant. Curr Sci 78:1187
Chevreau E, Thibault B, Arnaud Y (1992) Micropropagation of pear (Pyrus communis L.). In: Bajaj YPS. (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol. 18. Springer, Berlin. p 224–261
Clijsters H, Cuypers A, Vangronsveld J (1999) Physiological responses to heavy metals in higher plants: defence against oxidative stress. Z Naturforsch 54:730–734
Cocking EC (1960) A method for the isolation of plant protoplasts and vacuoles. Nature 187:927–929
Coenen C, Lomax TL (1997) Auxin-cytokinin interactions in higher plants: old problems and new tools. Trends Plant Sci 2:351–356
Cohen D (1980) Application of micropropagation methods for blueberries and tamarillos. Comb. Proc. Int Plant Prop Soc 30:144–146
Corredoira E, Ballester A, Vieitez AM (2008) Thidiazuron-induced high-frequency plant regeneration from leaf explants of Paulownia tomentosa mature trees. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 95:197–208
Cortizo M, Cuesta C, Centeno ML, Rodriguez A, Fernandez B, Ordas R (2009) Benzyladenine metabolism and temporal competence of Pinus pinea cotyledons to form buds in vitro. J Plant Physiol 166:1069–1076
Cristina M, Dos Santos F, Esquibel MA, Dos Santos VP (1990) In vitro propagation of the alkaloid producing plant Datura insignis Barb. Rodr. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 21:57–61
Cuypers A, Vangronsveld J, Clijsters H (2002) Peroxidases in roots and primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris copper and zinc phytotoxicity: a comparison. J Plant Physiol 159:869–876
Dalal NV, Rai VR (2004) In vitro propagation of Oroxylum indicum Vent. a medicinally important forest tree. J For Res 9:61–65
Das DK, Shiv Prakash N, Bhalla-Sarin N (1999) Multiple shoot induction and plant regeneration in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Plant Cell Rep 18:691–695
Das S, Jha TB, Jha S (1996) In vitro propagation of cashew nut. Plant Cell Rep 15:615–619
Davies PJ (2004) Regulatory factors in hormone action: Level, location and signal transduction. In: Davies PJ (ed) plant Hormones, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, p 16–35
De Fossard RA, De Fossard H (1988) Micropropagation of some members of the Myrtaceace. Acta Hortic 227:346–351
De Klerk GJ, Ter Brugge J, Marinova S (1997) Effectiveness of indole acetic acid, indolebutyric acid and naphthalene acetic acid during adventitious root formation in vitro in Malus ‘Jork 9’. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 49:39–44
De Klerk GJ, Van Der Krieken W, De Jong JC (1999) The formation of adventitious roots: New concepts, new possibilities. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol- Plant 35:189–199
Desjardins Y, Hdider C, De Riek J (1995) Carbon nutrition in vitro-regulation and manipulation of carbon assimilation in micropropagated systems. In: Aitken-Christie J, Kozai T, Smith MLA (eds) Automation and environmental control in plant tissue culture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, p 441–471
Detrez C, Ndiaye S, Dreyfus B (1994) In vitro regeneration of the tropical multipurpose leguminous tree Sesbania grandiflora from cotyledon explants. Plant Cell Rep 14:87–93
Devi YS, Mukherjee BB, Gupta S (1994) Rapid cloning of elite teak (Tectona grandis L.) by in vitro multiple shoot production. Indian J Exp Biol 32:668–671
Dias MC, Pinto G, Santos C (2011) Acclimatization of micropropagated plantlets induces an antioxidative burst: a case study with Ulmus minor Mill. Photosynthetica 49:259–266
Distabanjong K, Geneve RL (1997) Multiple shoot formation from cotyledonary node segments of Eastern redbud. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 47:247–254
Douglas DC, McNamara J (2000) Shoot regeneration from seedling explants of Acacia mangium Willd. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 36:412–415
Driver JA, Kuniyuki AH (1984) In vitro propagation of Paradox walnut rootstock. HortSci 19:507–509
Duhoky MMS, Rasheed KA (2010) Effect of different concentrations of Kinetin and NAA on micropropagation of Gardenia jasminoides. J Zankoy Sulaimani 13:103–120
Durkovic J (2008) Micropropagation of mature Cornus mas ‘Macrocarpa.’ Trees 22:597–602
Durkovic J, Lux A (2010) Micropropagation with a novel pattern of adventitious rooting in American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). Trees 24:491–497
Durkovic J, Misalova A (2008) Micropropagation of temperate noble hardwoods: An overview. Funct Plant Sci Biotechnol 2:1–19
Economou AS, Spanoudaki MJ (1985) In vitro propagation of Gardenia. HortSci 20:213
Edson JL, Wenney DL, Leege-Bruven A (1994) Micropropagation of Pacific Dogwood. HortSci 29:1355–1356
Elangomathvan R, Prakash S, Kathiravan K, Seshadari S, Igancimuthu S (2003) High frequency in vitro propagation of kidney tea plant. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 72:83–86
Elkonin LA, Pakhomova NV (2000) Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus on induction embryogenic callus of sorghum. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 61:115–123
Engelmann F (1997) In vitro conservation methods. In: Ford-Lloyd BV, Newbury JH, Callow JA (eds) Biotechnology and plant genetic resources: conservation and Use. CABI, Wallingford, p 119–162
Epstein E, Bloom AJ (2005) Mineral nutrition of plants: principles and perspectives. Sinauer Associates, 2nd edn. Sunderland
Epstein E, Ludwig-Muller J (1993) Indole-3-butyric acid in plants: occurrence, synthesis, metabolism and transport. Physiol Plant 88:382–389
Eswara JP, Stuchbury T, Allan EJ (1998) A standard procedure for the micropropagation of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). Plant Cell Rep 17:215–219
Faisal M, Ahmad N, Anis M (2006) In vitro plant regeneration from alginate-encapsulated microcuttings of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. World J Agri Sci 1:1–6
Faisal M, Anis M (2003) Rapid mass propagation of Tylophora indica Merill. via leaf callus culture. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 75:125–129
Faisal M, Anis M (2007) Regeneration of plants from alginate encapsulated shoots of Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merrill, an endangered medicinal plant. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 82:351–354
Faisal M, Anis M (2009) Changes in photosynthetic activity, pigment composition, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes during ex vitro establishment of micropropagated Rauvolfia tetraphylla plantlets. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 99:125–132
Faisal M, Anis M (2010) Effect of light irradiations on photosynthetic machinery and antioxidative enzymes during ex vitro acclimatization of Tylophora indica plantlets. J Plant Interact 5:21–27
Faisal M, Siddique I, Anis M (2006a) In vitro rapid regeneration of plantlets from nodal explants of Mucuna pruriens- a valuable medicinal plant. Ann Appl Biol 148:1–6
Faisal M, Siddique I, Anis M (2006b) An efficient plant regeneration system for Mucuna pruriens L. (DC) using cotyledonary node explants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 42:59–64
Famiani F, Ferradini N, Staffolani P, Standardi A (1994) Effect of leaf excision time, age, BA concentration and dark treatments on in vitro shoot regeneration of M26 apple rootstock. J Hort Sci 69:679–685
Farhatullah AZ, Abbas SJ (2007) In vitro effects of gibberellic acid on morphogenesis of potato explants. Int J Agri Biol 9:181–182
Ferreira FJ, Kieber JJ (2005) Cytokinin signalling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:518–525
Fiedler H (1936) Entwicklungs und reizphysiologische Untersuchungen an Kulturen isolierter Wurzelspitzen. Zeitschrift fur Botanik 30:385–436
Frabetti M, Gutierrez-Pesce P, Mendoza-de Gyves E, Rugini E (2009) Micropropagation of Teucrium fructicans L., an ornamental and medicinal plant. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 45:129–134
Gaba VP (2005) Plant growth regulators in plant tissue culture and development. In: Trigano RN;Gray DJ. (eds) Plant development and biotechnology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 87–99
Gahan PB, George EF (2008) Adventitious regeneration. In: George EF, Hall MA, De Klerk GJ (eds) Plant propagation by tissue culture, 3rd edn. Springer, Dordrecht, p 355–401
Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojima K (1968) Nutrients requirement of suspension culture of soybean root cells. Exp Cell Res 50:151–158
Gaspar T, Kevers C, Hausman JF, Ripetto V (1994) Peroxidase activity and endogenous free auxin during adventitious root formation. In: Lumsden PJ, Nicholas JR and Davies WJ (eds.) Physiology, growth and Development of plants in culture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Hague, p 289–298
Gautheret RJ (1934) Culture du tissues cambial. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad Sci 198:2195–2196
Gautheret RJ (1937) La culture des tissus vegetaux. Son etat actuel, comparaison avec la culture des tissus animaux. Hermann & Cie, Paris
Gautheret RJ (1939) Sur la possibilite de realiser a culture indefinite des tissues de tubercules de carotte. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 208:118–120
Gautheret RJ (1983) Plant tissue culture: a history. Bot mag Tokyo 96:393–410
Gautheret RJ (1985) History of plant tissue and cell culture: A personal account. In: Vasil IK, ed. Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, p 1–59
Gauthret RJ (1940) Nouvelles recherche sur le bouregeonnement du tissue cambial d’ Ulmus campestris cultive in vitro. C.R. Acad Sci 210:744–746
Geiger-Huber M, Burlet E (1936) Ueber den hormonalen einflusz der a Indolylessigsaure auf das Wachstums isolierter Wurzeln in keimfreier Organkultur. Jahrbuch fur Wissenschaftliche Botanik 84:233–253
George EF (1993) Plant propagation by tissue culture, part I: the technology. Exegetics, Edington. p 1–574
George EF, Debergh PC (2008) Micropropagation: uses and methods. plant propagation by tissue culture 3rd edn, Vol.1. In: George EF, Hall MA, De Klerk G-J (edn) The background. Published by Springer, Dordrecht
George EF, Sherrington PD (1984) In: Plant propagation by Tissue culture. Exegetics Ltd., London, p 39–71
Georges D, Chemienx JC, Ochatt SD (1993) Plant regeneration from aged callus of woody ornamental species Lonicera japonica cv. Hell’s prolific. Plant Cell Rep 13:91–94
Germana M, Micheli M, Chiancone B, Macaluso L, Standardi A (2011) Organogenesis and encapsulation of in vitro-derived propagules of Carrizo citrange, Citrus sinensis (L.); Poncirius trifoliata (L.). Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 78:1–9
Gharyal PK, Maheshwari SC (1990) Differentiation of explants from mature leguminous trees. Plant Cell Rep 8:550–553
Giri CC, Shyankumar B, Anjaneyulu C (2004) Progress in tissue culture, genetic transformation and applications of biotechnology to trees: An Overview. Trees 18:115–135
Girijashankar V (2011) Micropropagation of multipurpose medicinal tree, Acacia auriculiformis. J Med Plant Res 5:462–466
Gitonga LN, Gichuki ST, Ngamau K, Muigai AWT, Kahangi EM, Wasilwa LA, Wepukhulu S, Njogu N (2010) Effect of explant type, source and genotype on in vitro shoot regeneration in Macadamia (Macadamia spp.) J Agri Biotechnol Sustain Dev 2:129–135
Gokhale M, Bansal YK (2009) Direct in vitro regeneration of a medicinal tree Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. through tissue culture. Afri J Biotechnol 8:3777–3781
Gonzalez-Benito ME, Perez C, Viviani AB (1997) Cryopreservation of nodal explants of an endangered plant species (Centaurium rigualii Esteve) using the encapsulation dehydration method. Biodiversity Conserv 6:583–590
Gonzalez-Rodriguez JA, Ramirez-Garduza F, Manuel L, Robert-Aileen O’Connor-Sanchez, Pena-Ramirez YJ (2010) Adventitious shoot induction from adult tissues of the tropical timber tree yellow Ipé primavera (Tabebuia donnell-smithii rose [bignoniaceae]). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 46:411–421
Goto S, Thakur RC, Ishii K (1998) Determination of genetic stability in long-term micropropagated shoots of Pinus thunbergii Parl. using RAPD markers. Plant Cell Rep 18:193–197
Gratao PL, Polle A, Lea PJ, Azevedo RA (2005) Making the life of heavy metal stressed plants a little easier. Funct Plant Biol 32:481–494
Grout BWW (1988) Photosynthesis of regenerated plantlets in vitro, and the stress of transplanting. Acta Hort 230:129–135
Guan QZ, Guo YH, Sui XL, Li W, Zhang ZX (2008) Changes in photosynthetic capacity and oxidant enzymatic systems in micropropagated Zingiber officinale plantlets during their acclimation. Photosynthetica 46:193–201
Gubis J, Lajchova Z, Frago J, Jurekova Z (2003) Effect of explant type on shoot regeneration in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in vitro. Czech J Plant Breed 39:9–14
Guha S, Maheshwari SC (1966) Cell division and differentiation of embryos in the pollen grains of Datura in vitro. Nature 212:97–98
Gupta S, Madal BB (2003) In vitro methods for PGR conservation: principles and prospects. In:Chaudhury R, Pandey R, Malik SK, Bhag Mal, editors, In vitro conservation and cryopreservation of tropical fruit species. New Delhi: IPGRI office for South Asia and NBPGR 71–80
Gupta PK, Nadgir AI, Mascarenhas AF, Jaganathan V (1980) Tissue culture of forest trees—Clonal multiplication of Tectona grandis (teak) by tissue culture, Plant Sci Lett 17:259–268
Gururaj HB, Giridhar P, Ravishankar GA (2007) Micropropagation of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F & Thomas—a multipurpose medicinal plant. Curr Sci 92:23–26
Haagen-Smit AJ (1951) The history and nature of plant growth hormones. In: Skoog, F, ed. Plant growth substances. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 3–19
Haberlandt G (1902) Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen. Sitzungsber K Preuss Akad Wiss Wien. Math Naturwiss 111:69–92.
Haissig BE (1974) Influence of auxins and auxin synergists on adventitious root primodium initiation and development. Bio Tech 5:52–59
Hammatt N, Grant NJ (1998) Shoot regeneration from leaves of Prunus serotina Ehrh. (black cherry) and P. avium L. (wild cherry). Plant Cell Rep 17:526–530
Haramaki C (1971) Tissue culture of Gloxinia. Comb. Proc Int Plant Prop Soc 21:442–448
Haramaki C, Murashige T (1972) In vitro culture of Gloxinia. Hort Sci 7:339
Harbage JF, Stimart DP, Auer C (1998) pH affects 1 H-indole- 3-butyric acid uptake but not metabolism during the initiation phase of adventitious root induction in apple microcuttings. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 123:6–10
Harisaranraj R, Suresh K, Saravanbabu S (2009) Rapid clonal propagation of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Acad J Plant Sci 2:195–198
Hausen A, Pal M (2003) Effect of serial bud grafting and etiolation on rejuvenation and rooting cuttings of mature trees of Tectona grandis Linn. f. Silvae Genet 52:84–88
Hazarika BN (2003) Acclimatization of tissue cultured plants. Curr Sci 85:1705–1712
Hazarika BN (2006) Morpho-physiological disorders in in vitro culture of plants. Sci Hortic 108:105–120
Hazarika BN, Parthasarathy VA, Nagaraju V, Bhowmik G (2000) Sucrose induced biochemical changes in in vitro microshoots of Citrus species. Indian J Hortic 57:27–31
Heller R (1953) Researches on the mineral nutrition of plant tissues. Ann Sci Nat Bot Biol Veg 11th Ser 14:1–223
Heyl A, Schmulling T (2003) Cytokinin signal perception and transduction. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6:480–488
Hildebrandt AC, Riker AJ, Duggar BM (1946) The influence of the composition of the medium on growth in vitro of excised tobacco and sunflower tissue cultures. Am J Bot 33:591–597
Hiregoudar LV, Kumar HGA, Murthy HN (2005) In vitro culture of Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle from hypocotyls and intermodal explants. Biol Plant 49:41–45
Hisajima S (1982) Multiple shoot formation from almond seeds and an excised single shoot. Agric Biol Chem 46:1091–1093
Hisajima S, Church L (1981) Multiple shoot formation from soybean embryo. Plant Physiol 67:28
Hossain SN, Munshi MK, Islam MR, Hakim L, Hossain M (2003) In vitro propagation of Plum (Zyziphus jujuba Lam.). Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 13:81–84
Hossain SN, Rahman S, Joydhar A, Islam S, Hossain M (2001) In vitro propagation of Acacia catechu Willd. Plant Tiss Cult 11:25–29
Howell SH, Lall S, Che P (2003) Cytokinins and shoot development. Trends Plant Sci 8:453–459
Howell SH, Lall S, Che P (2003) Cytokinins and shoot development. Trends Plant Sci 8:453–459
Huang FH, Jameel M, Al-Khayri, Gbur EE (1994) Micropropagation of Acacia mearnsii. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 30:70–74
Huang WJ, Ning GG, Liu GF, Bao MZ (2009) Determination of genetic stability of long-term micropropagated plantlets of Platanus acerifolia using ISSR markers Biol Plant 53:159–163
Huetteman CA, Preece JE (1993) Thidiazuron: a potent cytokinin for woody plant tissue culture. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 33:105–119
Husain MK, Anis M, Shahzad A (2007) In vitro propagation of Indian Kino (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) using thidiazuron. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 43:59–64
Husain MK, Anis M, Shahzad A (2010) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Trees 24:781–787
Hussain TM, Chandrasekhar T, Gopal GR (2008) Micropropagation of Sterculia urens Roxb., an endangered tree species from intact seedlings. Afri J Biotechnol 7:095–101
Hussein S, Ibrahim R, Kiong ALP, Fadzillah NE and Daud SK (2005) Multiple shoots formation of an important medicinal plant, Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Plant Biotechnol 22:349–351
Hyndman SE, Hasegawa PM, Bressan DA (1982) The role of sucrose and nitrogen in adventitious root formation on cultured rose shoots. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 1:229–238
Iapichino G, Airo M (2008) Micropropagation of Metrosideros excelsa. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 44:330–337
Isabel N, Tremblay L, Michaud M, Tremblay FM, Bousquet J (1993) RAPDs as an aid to evaluate the genetic integrity of somatic embryogenesis-derived populations of Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. Theor Appl Genet 86:81–87
Islam R, Hossain M, Joarder OI, Karim MR (1993) Adventitious shoot formation on excised leaf explants of in vitro grown seedlings of Aegle marmelos Corr. J Hortic Sci 68:95–498
Isutsa DK, Pritts MP, Mudge KW (1994) Rapid propagation of blueberry plants using ex vitro rooting and controlled acclimatization of micropropagules. Hort Sci 29:1124–1126.
Jablonski JR, Skoog F (1954) Cell enlargement and cell division in excised tobacco pith tissue. Physiol Plant 7:16–24
Jahan AA, Anis M (2009) In vitro rapid multiplication and propagation of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. through axillary bud culture. Acta Physiol Plant 31:133–138
Jain N, Babbar SB (2000) Recurrent production of plants of black plum. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, a myrtaceous fruit tree, from in vitro cultured seedling explants. Plant Cell Rep 19:519–524
Jakola L, Tolvanen A, Laine K, Hohtola A (2001) Effect of N6-isopentenyladenine concentration on growth initiation in vitro and rooting of berberry and lingonberry microshoots. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 66:73–77
Jeong JH, Murthy HN, Paek KY (2001) High frequency adventitious shoot induction and plant regeneration from leaves of statice. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 65:123–128
Jha S, Jha TB (1989) Micropropagation of Cephalis ipecacuanha Rich. Plant Cell Rep 8:437–439
Jimenez A, Hernandez JA, Delrio LA, Sevilla F (1997) Evidence for the presence of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle in mitochondria and peroxisomes of pea leaves. Plant Physiol 114:275–284
Jo EA, Tewari RK, Hahn EJ, Paek KY (2009) In vitro sucrose concentration affects growth and acclimatization of Alocasia amazonica plantlets. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 96:307–315
Jones MPA, Yi Z, Murch SJ, Saxena PK (2007) Thidiazuron-induced regeneration of Echinacea purpurea L.: micropropagation in solid and liquid culture systems. Plant Cell Rep 26:13–19
Joshi P, Dhawan V (2007) Assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated Swerita chiraytia plantlets by ISSR marker assay. Biol Plant 51:22–26
Kadlecek P, Ticha I, Capkova V, Schafer C (1998) Acclimatization of micropropagated tobacco plantlets. In: Garab G (ed) Photosynthesis: mechanisms and effects vol. V. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, p 3853–3856
Kaneda Y, Tabei Y, Nishimura S, Harada K, Akihama T and Kitamura K (1997) Combination of thidiazuron and basal media with low salt concentrations increases the frequency of shoot organogenesis in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Plant Cell Rep 17:8–12
Kanthrajah AS, Rechard GD, Dodd WA (1992) roots as source of explants for successful micropropagation of Cacambola (Averrhoa carambola). Scientia Horti 51:169–177
Karsai I, Bedo Z, Hayes PM (1994) Effect of induction medium pH and maltose concentration on in vitro androgenesis of hexaploid winter triticale and wheat. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 39:49–53
Kartha KK (1981) Meristem culture and cryopreservation- Methods and applications. In: Thorpe TA (ed.) Plant Tissue Culture: Methods and Applications in Agriculture. Academic Press, New York, p 181–211
Karuppanapandian T, Moon JC, Kim C, Manoharan K, Kim W (2011) Reactive oxygen species in plants: their generation, signal transduction and scavenging mechanisms. Aust J Crop Sci 5:709–725
Kaveriappa KM, Phillips LM, Trigiano RN (1997) Micropropagation of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) from seedlings. Plant Cell Rep 16:485–489
Keil M, Griffin RA (1994) Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in the discrimination and verification of genotypes in Eucalyptus. Theor Appl Genet 89:442–450
Kenneth E, Pallet KE, Young J (2000) Carotenoids. In: Ruth GA, Hess JL (eds) Antioxidants in higher plants. CRC Press, USA, p 60–81
Khan A, Chauhan YS, Roberts LW (1986) In vitro studies on xylogenesis in Citrus fruit vesicles. 11. Effect of pH of the nutrient medium on the induction of cytodifferentiation. Plant Sci 46:213–216
Khan MI, Ahmad N, Anis M (2011) The role of cytokinins on in vitro shoot production in Salix tetrasperma Roxb.: a tree of ecological importance. Trees 25:577–584
Kilb B, Wietoska H, Godde D (1996) Changes in the expression of photosynthetic genes precede loss of photosynthetic activities and chlorophyll when glucose is supplied to mature spinach leaves. Plant Sci 115:225–235
Kim MK, Sommer HE, Bongorten BC, Merkle SA (1997) High frequency induction of adventitious shoots from hypocotyls segments of Liquidambar styraciflua L. by thidiazuron. Plant Cell Rep 16:536–540
Kitto SK, Janick J (1982) Polyox as an artificial seed coat for a sexual embryos. Hort Sci 17:488
Knop W (1865) Quantitative Untersuchungen uber den Ernahrungsprozess der Pflanzen. Landwirtsch Vers Stn 7:93–107
Koroch AR, Jr. Juliani HR, Juliani HR, Trippi VS (1997) Micropropagation and acclimatization of Hedeoma multiflorum. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 48:213–217
Kotsias D, Roussos PA (2001) An investigation on the effect of different plant growth regulating compounds in in vitro shoot tip and node culture of lemon seedlings. Sci Hortic 89:115–128
Kumar N, Vijay Anand KG, Reddy MP (2010) Shoot regeneration from cotyledonary leaf explants of Jatropha curcas: a biodiesel plant. Acta Physiol Plant 32:917–924
Kumar R, Sharma K, Agrawal V (2005) In vitro clonal propagation of Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. through nodal explants from mature trees. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 41:137–144
Kumar S, Mangal M, Dhawan AK, Singh N (2011) Assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants of Simmondsia chinensis (Link.) Schneider using RAPD and ISSR markers. Acta Physiol Plant 33:2541–2545
Kunze I (1994) Influence of the genotype on growth of Norway Spruce (Picea abies L.) in in vitro meristem culture. Silvae Genet 43:36–41
Kwa SH, Wee YC, Lim TM, Kumar PP (1995) Establishment and physiological analyses of photoautotrophic callus cultures of the fern Platycerium coronarium (Koenig) Desv under CO2 enrichment. J Exp Bot 46:1535–1542
Lakshmisita G, Chattopadhyay S, Tejavati DH (1986) Plant regeneration from shoot callus of rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.). Plant Cell Rep 5:266–268
Lakshmisita G, Sreenatha KS, Sujata S (1992) Plantlet production from shoot tip cultures of red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus L.). Curr. Sci. 62: 532–535
Lal N, Ahuja PS, Kukreja AK, Pandey B (1988) Clonal propagation of Picrorhiza kurroa Royale ex. Benth. by shoot tip culture. Plant Cell Rep 7:202–205
Lameira OA, Pinto JEBP (2006) In vitro propagation of Cordia verbenaceae L. (Boraginaceae) Rev. Bras. Plant Med Botucatu 8:102–104
Larkin P, Scowcroft WR (1981) Somaclonal variation, a novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theor Appl Genet 60:197–406
Lavanya M, Venkateshwarlu B, Devi BP (2009) Acclimatization of neem microshoots adaptable to semi-sterile conditions. Indian J Biotechnol 8:218–222
Leblay C, Chevreau E, Raboin LM (1991) Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaves of several pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L.). Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 25:99–105
Leljak-Levanic D, Bauer N, Mihaljevic S, Jelaska S (2004) Somatic embryogenesis in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.): control of somatic embryo development by nitrogen compounds. J Plant Physiol 161:229–236
Leroy XJ, Leon K, Charles G, Branchard M (2000) Cauliflower somatic embryogenesis and analysis of regenerant stability by ISSRs. Plant Cell Rep 19:1102–1107
Leyser HMO, Pickett FB, Dharmsiri S, Estelle E (1996) Mutation in AXR3 gene of Arabidopsis result in altered auxin response including ectopic expression from the SAUR-AC1 promoter. Plant J 10:403–413
Li G, Qulros CF (2001) Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), a new marker system based on a simple PCR reaction: its application to mapping and gene tagging in Brassica. Theor Appl Genet 103:455–461
Li Y, Shi XY, Strabala TJ, Hagen G, Guilfoyle TJ (1994) Transgenic tobacco plants that overproduce cytokinins show increased tolerance to exogenous auxin and auxin transport inhibitors. Plant Sci 100:9–14
Libbenga KR, Mennes AM (1995) Hormone binding and signal transduction. In: Davies PJ (ed.) Plant Hormones: Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. 2nd edn., Kluwer Publishers, Dordrecht, p 272–297
Lloyd G, McCown B (1980) Commercially feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot tip culture. Int Plant Prop Soc Proc 30:421–427
Loc HN, Due TD, Kwon HT, Yang SM (2005) Micropropagation of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe): a valuable medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 81:119–122
Lombardi SP, Passos IRS, Nogueira MCS, Appezato-da-Gloria B (2007) In vitro shoot regeneration from roots and leaf discs of Passiflora cincinnata Mast. Braz Arch Biol Biotechnol 50:239–247
Loo SW (1945a) Cultivation of excised stem tips of Asparagus in vitro. Am J Bot 32:13–17
Loo SW (1945b) Cultivation of excised stem tips of intact plants under sterile conditions. Ph. D. Thesis. Pasadena: California Institute of Technology.
Loo SW (1946a) Further experiments on the culture of excised asparagus tips in vitro. Am J Bot 33:156–159
Loo SW (1946b) Cultivation of excised stem tips of dodder in vitro. Am J Bot 33:295–300
Lu CY (1993) The use of thidiazuron in tissue culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 29:92–96
Ludwig-Muller J (2000) Indole-3-butyric acid in plant growth and development. Plant Growth Regul 32:219–230
Lynch PT (1999) Tissue culture techniques in in vitro plant conservation. In: Benson EE (ed) Plant conservation biotechnology. Taylor & Francis, London
Lyyra S, Lima A, Merkle S (2006) In vitro regeneration of Salix nigra from adventitious shoots. Tree Physiol 26:969–975
Magyar-Tabori K, Dobranszki J, Teixeira da Silva JA, Bulley SM, Hudak I (2010) The role of cytokinins in shoot organogenesis in apple. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 101:251–267
Malabadi RB, Staden JV (2005) Storability and germination of sodium alginate encapsulated somatic embryos derived from the vegetative shoot apices of mature Pinus patula trees. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 82:259–265
Malik KA, Saxena PK (1992a) Thidiazuron induces high-frequency shoot regeneration in intact seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and lentil (Lens culinaris). Aust J Plant Physiol 19:731–740
Malik KA, Saxena PK (1992b) In vitro regeneration of plants: a novel approach. Naturwissenschaften 79:136–137
Mallikarjuna K, Rajendurdu G (2007) High frequency in vitro propagation of Holarrhena antidysentrica from nodal buds of mature tree. Biol Plant 51:525–529
Mante SR Scorza, Cordts JM (1989) Plant regeneration from cotyledons of Prunus persica, Prunus domestica, and Prunus cerasus. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 19:1–11
Martin G, Geetha SP, Raja SS, Raghu AV, Balachandran I, Ravindran PN (2006) An efficient micropropagation system for Celastrus paniculatus Willd.: a vulnerable medicinal plant. J Fores Res 11:461–46
Martin SM, Rose D (1976) Growth of plant cell (Ipomea) suspension cultures at controlled pH levels. Can J Bot 54:1264–1270
Martins M, Sarmento D, Oliveira MM (2004) Genetic stability of micropropagated almond plantlets, as assessed by RAPD and ISSR markers. Plant Cell Rep 23:492–496
McCoy TJ, Smith LY (1986) Interspecific hybridization of perennial Medicago species using ovule-embryo culture. Tag 71:772–783
McGaw BA, Burch LR (1995) Cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism. In: Davies PJ (ed) Plant hormones, physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 98–117
Mehta UJ, Krishnamurthy KV, Hazra S (2000) Regeneration of plants via adventitious bud formation from zygotic embryo axis of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.). Curr Sci 78:1231–1234
Meijer EGM, Brown DCW (1987) Role of exogenous reduced nitrogen and sucrose in rapid high frequency somatic embryogenesis in Medicago sativa. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 10:11–19
Merkle SA, Nairn CJ (2005) Hardwood tree biotechnology. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 41:602–619
Micheli M, Hafiz IA, Standardi A (2007) Encapsulation of in vitro derived explants of olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Moraiolo):II. Effects of storage on capsule and derived shoot performance. Sci Hortic 113:286–292
Miller CO, Skoog F, Von Saltza MH, Strong FM (1955) Kinetin, a cell division factor from deoxyribonucleic acid. J Am Chem Soc 77:1392
Mills D, Wenkart S, Benzioni A (1997) Micropropagation of Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba). In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry
Mishra J, Singh M, Palni LMS, Nandi SK (2011) Assessment of genetic fidelity of encapsulated microshoots of Picrorhiza kurrooa. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 104:181–186
Mishra P, Datta SK (2001) Acclimatization of Asiatic hybrid lilies under stress conditions after propagation through tissue culture. Curr Sci 81:1530–1533
Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7:405–410
Mok MC, Mok DW, Amstrong DJ, Shudo K, Isogai Y, Okamanto T (2005) Cytokinin activity of N-phenyl-N0–1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-urea (thidiazuron). Phytochem 21:1509–1511
Molle F, Dupis JM, Ducos JP, Anselm A, Corulus-Savidan I, Petiard V, Freyssinel G (1993) Carrot somatic embryogenesis and its application to synthetic seeds. In: (Redenbaugh K ed) Synseeds, Application of synthetic seeds to crop improvement. CRC Press Boca Raton FL, USA, p 257–287
Moller IM, Jensen PE, Hansson A (2007) Oxidative modifications to cellular components in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 58:459–481
Morel G (1964) Tissue culture—a new means of clonal propagation of orchids. Am Orchid Soc Bul 33:473–478
Morimoto M, Nakamura K, Sano H (2006) Regeneration and genetic engineering of a tropical tree, Azadirachta excelsa. Plant Biotechnol 23:123–127
Morton L, Browse J (1991) Facile transformation of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep 10:235–239
Moshkov IE, Novikova GV, Hall MA and George EF (2008) Plant growth regulators III: gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid, their analogues and inhibitors; miscellaneous compounds. In: George EF, Hall MA, De Klerk GJ (eds) Plant propagation by tissue culture. Springer, The Netherlands, p 227–282
Murashige T (1974) Plant Propagation through tissue culture. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 25:135–166
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497
Murthy BNS, Murch SJ, Saxena PK (1988) Thidiazuron: a potent regulator of in vitro plant morphogenesis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 34:267–272
Mylona P, Dolan L (2002) The root meristem. In: McManus MT, Weit BE (eds) Meristematic tissues in plant growth and development. Sheffield Academic, Sheffield, p 279–292
Nagaoka T, Ogihara Y (1997) Applicability of inter-simple sequence repeat polymorphism in wheat for use as DNA markers in comparision to RFLP and RAPD markers. Theor Appl Genet 94:597–602
Naik D, Vartak V, Bhargava S (2003) Provenance- and subculture-dependent variation during micropropagation of Gmelina arborea. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 73:189–195
Naik PM, Manohar SH, Praveen N, Murthy HN (2010) Effects of sucrose and pH levels on in vitro shoot regeneration from leaf explants of Bacopa monnieri and accumulation of bacoside A in regenerated shoots. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 100:235–239
Naik SK, Chand PK (2006) Nutrient-alginate encapsulation of in vitro nodal segments of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) for germplasm distribution and exchange. Sci Hortic 108:247–252
Nair LG, Seeni S (2001) Rapid in vitro multiplication and restoration of Celastrus paniculatus (Celastraceae), a medicinal woody climber. Indian J Exp Biol 39:697–704
Nandwani D, Mathur N, Ramawat KG (1995) In vitro shoot multiplication from cotyledonary node explants of Tecomella undulata. Gartenbauwisseschaft 60:65–68
Nas MN, Read PE (2004) Improved rooting and acclimatization of micropropagated hazelnut shoots. Hort Sci 39:1688–1690
Nayak P, Behera PR, Manikkannan T (2007) High frequency plantlet regeneration from cotyledonary node cultures of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 43:231–236
Naz S, Ali A, Siddique FA, Iqbal J (2008) Somatic embryogenesis from immature cotyledons and leaf calli of chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.). Pak J Bot 40:523–531
Nedelcheva S (1986) Effect of inorganic components of the nutrient medium on in vitro propagation of pears. Genet Sel 19:404–406
Nef-Campa C, Chaintreuil-Dongmo C, Dreyfus BL (1996) Regeneration of the tropical legume Aeschynomene sensitiva Sw. from root explants. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 44:149–154
Niederwieser JG, Van Staden J (1990) the relationship between genotype, tissue age and endogenous cytokinin levels on adventitious bud formation on leaves of Lachenalia. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 22:223–228
Nitsch JP, Nitsch C (1956) Auxin-dependent growth of excised Helianthus tissues. Am J Bot 43:839–851
Nobecourt P (1939) Sur la perennite et l’augmentation de volume des cultures de tissues vegetaux. C. R. Seances Soc Biol Ses Fil 130:1270–1271
Noctor G, Foyer CH (1998) Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:249–279
Noctor G, Gomez L, Vanacker H, Foyer CH (2002) Interactions between biosynthesis, compartmentation and transport in the control of gluthatione homeostasis and signalling. J Exp Bot 53:1283–1304
Nunes EDC, de Castilho CV, Moreno FN, Viana AM (2002) In vitro culture of Cedrela fissilis Vellozo (Meliaceae). Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 70:259–268
Nyende A, Schittenhelm S, Mix-Wagner G, Greef JM (2003) Production, storability, and regeneration of shoot tips of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) encapsulated in calcium alginate hollow beads. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 39:540–544
Ogunsola KE, Ilori CO (2007) In vitro propagation of miracle berry (Synsepalum dulcificum Daniel) through embryo and nodal cultures. Afr J Biotechnol 7:244–248
Onay A (2000) Somatic embryogenesis in cultured kernels of pistachio, Pistacia vera L. cv. Siirt. Proceedings of the 2nd Balkan Botanical Congress, Istanbul, May 14–16, 2000. Plants of the Balkan Peninsula: Into the Next Millennium 11:109–115
Ozias-Akins P, Vasil IK (1985) Nutrition of plant tissue cultures. In: Vasil IK (ed) Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants. Cell growth, nutrition, cytodifferentiation and cryopreservation, Vol 2. Academic Press, New York, p 129–147
Ozudogru EA, Kaya E, Kirdok E, Issever-Ozturk S (2011) In vitro propagation from young and mature explants of thyme (Thymus vulgaris and T. longicaulis) resulting in genetically stable shoots. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 47:309–320
Panda BM, Hazra S (2010) In vitro regeneration of Semecarpus anacardium L. from axenic seedling-derived nodal explants. Trees 24:733–742
Pandey S, Jaiswal VS (2002) Micropropagation of Terminalia arjuna Roxb. from coteledonary nodes. Indian J Exp Biol 40:950–953
Pandey S, Singh M, Jaiswal U, Jaiswal VS (2006) Shoot initiation and multiplication from a mature tree of Terminalia arjuna Roxb. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 42:389–393
Pant M, Bisht P, Gusain MP (2010) De novo Shoot Organogenesis from cultured root explants of Swertia chirata Buch.Ham.ex Wall.: An endangered medicinal plant. Nat Sci 8:244–252
Park YS, Barret JD, Bonga JM (1998) Application of somatic embryogenesis in high-value clonal forestry: Deployment, genetic control, and stability of cryopreserved clones. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 34:231–239
Parliman BJ, Evans PT, Rupert EA (1982) Tissue culture of single rhizome explants of Dionaea muscipula Ellis ex. L., the venus fly trap for rapid asexual propagation. Hort Sci 107:305–310
Parveen S, Shahzad A (2011) A micropropagation protocol for Cassia angustifolia Vahl. from root explants. Acta Physiol Plant 33:789–796
Parveen S, Shahzad A, Saema S (2010) In vitro plant regeneration system for Cassia siamea Lam., a leguminous tree of economic importance. Agrofores Syst 80:109–116
Pasqua G, Manes F, Monacelli B, Natale L, Anselmi S (2002) Effects of the culture medium pH and ion uptake in in vitro vegetative organogenesis in thin cell layers of tobacco. Plant Sci 162:947–955
Pattnaik J, Debata BK (1996) Micropropagation of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. through axillary bud culture. Plant Cell Rep 15:427–430
Pattnaik S, Chand PK (2000) Morphogenic response of the alginate encapsulated axillary buds from in vitro shoot cultures of six mulberries. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 64:177–85
Pattnaik SK, Chand PK (1997) Rapid clonal propagation of three mulberries, Morus cathayana Hemsl., Morus ihou Koiz., and Morus serrata Roxb., through in vitro culture of apical shoot bud and nodal explants from mature trees. Plant Cell Rep 16:503–508
Pattnaik SK, Chand PK, Naik SK, Pradhan C (2000) shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration from hypocotyl-derived cell suspensions of a tree legume, Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 36:407–411
Pedroso C, Oliveira M, Pais SS (1992) Micropropagation and simultaneous rooting of Actinidia deliciosa var. ‘Hayward’. HortSci 27:443–445
Pena-Ramirez YJ, Juarez-Gomez J, Gomez-Lopez L, Jeronimo-Perez JL, Garcia-Shesena I, Gonzalez-Rodriguez JA, Robert ML (2010) Multiple adventitious shoot formation in Spanish Red Cedar (Cedrela odorata L.) cultured in vitro using juvenile and mature tissues: an improved micropropagation protocol for a highly-valuable tropical tree species. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 46:149–160
Pereira GJG, Molina SMG, Lea PJ, Azevedo RA (2002) Activity of antioxidant enzymes in response to cadmium in Crotalaria juncea. Plant Soil 239:123–132
Pereira MJ (2006) Conservation of Vaccinium cylindraceum Smith (Ericaceae) by micropropagation using seedling nodal explants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 42:65–68
Perveen S, Varshney A, Anis M, Aref IM (2011) Influence of cytokinins, basal media and pH on adventitious shoot regeneration from excised root cultures of Albizia lebbeck. J Fores Res 22:47–52
Phillips GC, Collins GB (1979) In vitro tissue culture of selected legumes and plant regeneration from callus of red clover. Crop Sci 19:59–64
Phulwaria M, Rai MK, Harish, Gupta AK, Ram K, Shekhawat NS (2012) An improved micropropagation of Terminalia bellirica from nodal explants of mature tree. Acta Physiol Plant 34:299–305
Pinto G, Santos C, Neves L, Araújo C (2002) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Plant Cell Rep 21:208–213
Pintos B, Bueno M, Cuenca B, Manzanera J (2008) Synthetic seed production from encapsulated somatic embryos of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) and automated growth monitoring. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 95:217–225
Poddar K, Vishnoi RK, Kothari SL (1997) Plant regeneration from embryogenic callus of finger millet Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. on higher concentrations of NH4NO3 as a replacement of NAA in the medium. Plant Sci. 129:101–106
Pospisilova J, Synkova H, Haisel D, Catsky J, Wilhelmova N, Sramek F (1999a) Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on acclimatization of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions. J Exp Bot 50:119–126
Pospisilova J, Ticha I, Kadlecek P, Haisel D, Plzakova S (1999b) Acclimatization of micropropagated plants to ex vitro conditions. Biol Plant 42:481–497
Powling A, Hussey G (1981) Stimulation of multiple shoot bud formation in walnut seeds. Hort Sci 17:592
Pradhan C, Kar S, Pattnaik S, Chand PK (1998) Propagation of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. through in vitro shoot proliferation from cotyledonary nodes. Plant Cell Rep 18:122–126
Prakash E, Khan PSSV, Rao TJVS, Meru ES (2006) Micropropagation of red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus L.) using mature nodal explants. J Fores Res 11:329–33
Prakash S, Van Staden J (2008) Micropropagation of Searsia dentata. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 44:338–341
Preece KE, Sutter EG (1991) Acclimatization of micropropagated plants to the greenhouse and field. In: DeBergh PC; Zimmerman RH.(eds) Micropropagation, technology and application. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 71–93
Premkumar A, Mercado JA, Quesada MA (2001) Effects of in vitro tissue culture conditions and acclimatization on the contents of Rubisco, leaf soluble proteins, photosynthetic pigments, and C/N ratio. J Plant Physiol 158:835–840
Purkayastha J, Sugla T, Paul A, Solleti S, Sahoo L (2008) Rapid in vitro multiplication and plant regeneration from nodal explants of Andrographis paniculata, a valuable medicinal plant. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 44:442–447
Purohit SD, Kukda G (1994) In vitro propagation of Wrightia tinctoria. Biol Plant 36:519–526
Quoirin M, Lepoivre P (1977) Etude de milieux adaptes aux cultures in vitro de Prunus. Acta Hortic 78:437–442
Quraishi A, Koche V, Sharma P, Mishra SK (2004) In vitro clonal propagation of neem (Azadiracta indica). Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 78:281–283
Raghu AV, Geetha SP, Martin G, Balachandran I, Ravindran PN, Mohanan KV (2007) An improved micropropagation protocol for Bael- a vulnerable medicinal tree. Res J Bot 2:186–194
Rai MK, Asthana P, Jaiswal VS, Jaiswal U (2010) Biotechnological advances in guava (Psidium guajava L.): recent developments and prospects for further research. Trees 24:1–12
Rai MK, Asthana P, Singh SK, Jaiswal VS, Jaiswal U (2009) The encapsulation technology in fruit plants- A review. Biotechnol Adv 27:671–679
Rai MK, Jaiswal VS, Jaiswal U (2008) Alginate-encapsulation of nodal segments of guava (Psidium guajava L.) for germplasms exchange and distribution. J Hortic Sci Biotech 83:569–573
Rajeswari V, Paliwal K (2008) In vitro plant regeneration of red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus L. f.) from cotyledonary nodes. Indian J Biotechnol 7:541–546
Rao CD, Goh CJ, Kumar PP (1996) High frequency adventitious shoot regeneration from excised leaves of Paulownia spp. cultured in vitro. Plant Cell Rep 16: 204–209
Rauf S, Rahman H, Khan TM (2004) Effect of Kinetin on multiple shoot induction in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) cv. NIAB—999. Iranian J Biotechnol 4: 279–282
Reddy SP, Rama Gopal G, Laxshmi Sita G (1998) In vitro multiplication of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.—An important medicinal plant. Curr Sci 75:843–845
Redenbaugh K, Fuji JA, Slade D (1991) Synthetic seeds technology. In: Vasil IK (ed.) Scale-up and Automation in Plant Propagation. Academic Press, San Diego, p 35–74
Reiter RS, Williams JGK, Feldmann KA, Rafalaski JA, Tingby SV, Scolink PA (1992) Global and local genome mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana by using recombinant inbred lines and random amplified polymorphic DNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1477–1481
Robbins WJ (1922) Cultivation of excised root tips and stem tips under sterile conditions. Bot Gaz 73:376–390
Roberts AW, Haigler CH (1994) Cell expansion and tracheary element differentiation are regulated by extracellular pH in mesophyll cultures of Zinnia elegans L. Plant Physiol 105:699–706
Rodriguez R (1982) Stimulation of multiple shoot bud formation in walnut seeds. Hort Sci 17:592
Rolland F, Moore B, Sheen J (2002) Sugar sensing and signaling in plants. Plant Cell 14:185–205
Rout GR, Samantray S, Das P (2000) In vitro manipulation and propagation of medicinal plants. Biotechnol Adv 18:91–120
Ruffoni B, Gazzano A, Costantino C (1994) Micropropagazione di Myrtus communis Mill.: Effetto dell’acido indolacetico sulla radicazione. Italus Hortus 1:8–12
Ruiz RM, Rivero HAS, Rudriquez de la OJL, Alcala VMC, Espinosa MAG, Castellanos JS (2005) Micropropagación clonal in vitro en Eucalyptus grandis y E. Urophylla. Ra Ximhai 1:111–130
Sankhla D, Davis TD, Sankhla N (1994) Thidiazuron- induced in vitro shoot formation from roots of intact seedlings of Albizia julibrissin. Plant Growth Regul 14:267–272
Scarpa MG, Milia M, Satta M (2000) The influence of growth regulators on proliferation and rooting of in vitro propagated myrtle. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 62:175–179
Schaeffer WI (1990) Terminology associated with cell, tissue and organ culture, molecular biology and molecular genetics. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 26:97–101
Schleiden MJ (1838) Beitrage zur Phytogenesis. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wiss. Med (J Muller) 137–176
Scholten HJ, Pierik RLM (1998) Agar as a gelling agent: chemical and physical analysis. Plant Cell Rep 17:230–235
Schwann T (1839) Mikroscopische Untersuchungen uber die Ubereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum des Thiere und Pflanzen. W Engelmann: Leipzig No. 176
Selvakkumar C, Balakrishnan A, Lakshmi BS (2007) Rapid in vitro micropropagation of Alpinia officinarum Hance., an important medicinal plant, through rhizome bud explants. Asi J Plant Sci 6:1251–1255
Serret MD, Trillas MI, Matas J, Araus JL (1997) Development of photoautotrophy and photoinhibition of Gardenia jasmoides plantlets during micropropagation. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 45:1–16
Sha Valli Khan PS, Prakash E, Rao KR (1997) In vitro propagation of an endemic fruit tree Syzygium alternifolium (Wight) Walp. Plant Cell Rep 16:325–328
Shahin-uz-zaman M, Ashrafuzzaman H, Shahidul Haque M, Lutfun LN (2008) In vitro clonal propagation of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). Afri J Biotechnol 7:386–391
Shahzad A, Faisal M, Anis M (2007) Micropropagation through excised root culture of Clitoria ternatea and comparison between in vitro regenerated plants and seedlings. Ann Appl Biol 150:341–349
Shan Z, Raemakers K, Tzitzikas EN, Ma Z, Visser RGF (2005) Development of a highly efficient, repetitive system of organogenesis in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]. Plant Cell Rep 24:507–512
Sharma AK, Sharma M, Chaturvedi HC (2002) Conservation of phytodiversity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. through in vitro strategies, in Role of Plant Tissue Culture in Biodiversity Conservation and Economic Developments, edited by SK Nandi, LMS Palni and A Kumar (Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, India) 513–520
Sharma P, Koche V, Quraishi A, Mishra SK (2005) Somatic embryogenesis in Buchanania lanzan spreng. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 41:645–647
Shekhawat MS, Shekhawat NS (2011) Micropropagation of Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm) DC and production of alkannin from callus and cell suspension culture. Acta Physiol Plant 33:1445–1450
Shepley S, Chen C, Chang JLL (1972) Does gibberellic acid stimulates seed germination via amylase synthesis. Plant Physiol 49:441–442
Shirin F, Rana PK, Mandal AK (2005) In vitro clonal propagation of mature Tectona grandis through axillary bud proliferation. J Fores Res 10:465–469
Shrivastava S, Banerjee M (2008) In vitro clonal propagation of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.): Influence of additives. Int J Integ Biol 3:73–79
Shukla S, Shukla SK, Mishra SK (2009) In vitro plant regeneration from seedling explants of Stereospermum personatum D.C.: a medicinal tree. Trees 23:409–413
Shyamkumar B, Anjaneyulu C, Giri CC (2003) Multiple shoot induction from cotyledonary node explants of Terminalia chebula Retz: a tree of medicinal importance. Biol Plant 47:585–588
Siddique I, Anis M (2007 a) In vitro shoot multiplication and plantlet regeneration from nodal explants of Cassia angustifolia (Vahl.): a medicinal plant. Acta Physiol Plant 29:233–238
Siddique I, Anis M (2007b) High frequency shoot regeneration and plantlet formation in Cassia angustifolia (Vahl.) using thidiazuron. Med. Aroma. Plant Sci Biotechnol 1:282–284
Siddique I, Anis M (2008) An improved plant regeneration system and ex vitro acclimatization of Ocimum basilicum L. Acta Physiol Plant 30:493–499
Siddique I, Anis M (2009b) Morphogenic response of the alginated encapsulated nodal segments and antioxidative enzymes analysis during acclimatization of Ocimum basilicum L. J Crop Sci Biotechnol 12:233–238
Siddique I, Anis M, Aref IM (2010) In Vitro adventitious shoot regeneration via indirect organogenesis from petiole explants of Cassia angustifolia Vahl.—a potential medicinal plant. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 162:2067–2074
Siddique I, Anis M, Jahan AA (2006) Rapid multiplication of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. through in vitro axillary shoot proliferation. World J Agric Sci 2:188–192
Sim GE, Goh CJ, Loh CS (1989) Micropropagation of Citrus mitis Blanco- multiple bud formation from shoot and root explants in the presence of 6- benzyaminopurine. Plant Sci 59:203–210
Simoes C, Albarello N, Callado CH, Carvalho de Castro T, Mansur E (2009) New approaches for shoot production and establishment of in vitro root cultures of Cleome rosea Vahl. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 98:79–86.
Singh A, Reddy MP, Patolia JS (2008) An improved protocol for micropropagation of elite genotypes of Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider. Biol Plant 52:538–542
Singh KK, Gurung B (2009) In vitro propagation of R. maddeni Hook.F.an endangered Rhododendron species of Sikkim Himalaya. Not Bot Hort Agrobot Chij 37:79–83
Singh S, Rai M, Asthana P, Pandey S, Jaiswal V, Jaiswal U (2009) Plant gregeneration from alginate-encapsulated shoot tips of Spilanthes acmella L. Murr., a medicinally important and herbal pesticidal plant species. Acta Physiol Plant 31:649–894
Singh SK, Rai MK, Asthana P, Sahoo L (2010) Alginate-encapsulation of nodal segments for propagation, short-term conservation and germplasm exchange and distribution of Eclipta alba (L.) Acta Physiol Plant 32:607–610
Siril EA, Dhar U (1997) Micropropagation of mature Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum Roxb.). Plant Cell Rep 16:637–640
Sivakumar G, Kim SJ, Hahn EJ, Paek KY (2005) Optimizing environmental factors for large-scale multiplication of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum grandiflorum) in balloon-type bioreactor culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 41:822–825
Sivanesan I, Lee YM, Song JY, Jeong BR (2007) Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf and petiole explants of Campanula punctata Lam and Rubriflora makino. Prop Ornament Plants 7:210–215
Skoog F, Miller CO (1957) Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissues cultured in vitro. Symp. Soc Exp Biol 11:118–131
Skoog F, Tsui C (1951) Growth substances and the formation of buds in plant tissues. In: Skoog F (ed) Plant growth substances. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, p 263–285
Smeets K, Cuypers A, Lambrechts A, Semane B, Hoet P, Van Laere A, Vangronsveld J (2005) Induction of oxidative stress and antioxidative mechanisms in Phaseolus vulgaris after Cd application. Plant Physiol Biochem 43:437–444
Standardi A, Piccioni E (1998) Recent perspectives on synthetic seed technology using nonembryogenic in vitro derived explants. Plant Sci 159:968–978
Stimart D, Harbage JH (1993) Growth of rooted “Gala” apple microcuttings ex vitro as influenced by initial adventitious root count. Hort Sci 28:664–666
Strnad M, Hanus J, Vanek T, Kaminek M, Ballantine JA, Fussel B, Hanke DE (1997) Meta-topolin, a highly active aromatic cytokinin from poplar leaves (Populus x Canadensis Moench., cv. Robusta). Phytochem 45:213–218
Stuart R, Street HE (1971) Studies on the growth in culture of plant cells. J Exp Bot 22:96–106
Sudha CG, Seeni S (1996) In vitro propagation of Rauwolfia micrantha, a rare medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 44:243–248
Sugiyama M (1999) Organogenesis in vitro. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2:61–64
Sujatha K, Hazra S (2007) Micropropagation of mature Pongamia pinnata Pierre. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 43:608–613
Sukartiningsih, Nakamura K, Ide Y (1999) Clonal propagation of Gmelina arborea Roxb. by in vitro culture. J Fores Res 4:47–51
Sun Y, Zhao Y, Wang X, Qiao G, Chen G, Yang Y, Zhou J, Jin L, Zhuo R (2009) Adventitious bud regeneration from leaf explants of Platanus occidentalis L. and genetic stability assessment. Acta Physiol Plant 31:33–41
Sundararaj SG, Agrawal A, Tyagi RK (2010) Encapsulation for in vitro short-term storage and exchange of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) germplasm. Sci Hortic 125:761–766
Suttle GR (2000) Commercial laboratory production. In: Trigiano RN, Gray DJ (eds) Plant tissue culture concepts and laboratory exercises. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 407–416
Swarup R, Parry G, Graham N, Allen T, Bennett M (2002) Auxin cross-talk: integration of signaling pathways to control plant development. Plant Mol Biol 49:411–426
Taha HS, Behkeet SA, Saker MM (2001) Factors affecting in vitro multiplication of date palm. Biol Plant 44:431–433
Tang W, Guo Z (2001) In vitro propagation of loblolly pine via direct somatic organogenesis from mature cotyledons and hypocotyls. Plant Growth Regul 33:25–31
Tereso S, Miguel C, Maroco J, Oliveira MM (2006) Susceptibility of embryogenic and organogenic tissues of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) to antibiotics used in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 87:33–40
Thakur A, Kanwar JS (2008) Micropropagation of ‘Wild Pear’ Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. F.) Nakai. I. explant establishment and shoot multiplication. Not Bot Hort Agrobot Cluj 35:103–108
Thomas T (2003) Advances in mulberry tissue culture. J Plant Biol 45:7–21
Thomas TD, Puthur JT (2004) Thidiazuron induced high frequency shoot organogenesis in callus from Kigelia pinnata L. Bot Bull Acad Sin 45:307–313
Thorpe T, Stasolla C, Yeung EC, De Klerk GJ, Roberts A, George EF (2008) The components of plant tissue culture media II: organic additions, osmotic and pH effects and support systems. In: George EF, Hall MA., De Klerk G-J. (edn) Plant propagation by tissue culture 3rd edition, vol.1. The background. Published by Springer, Dordrecht, p 143
Thorpe TA (ed) (1995) In vitro embryogenesis in plants. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Tiwari KP, Sharma MC, Tiwari SK (1997) Tissue culture protocols for teak (Tectona grandis), neem (Azadirachta indica) and khamer (Gmelina arborea). SFRI Technical Bulletin No. 29, State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur
Tiwari SK, Tiwari KP, Siril EA (2002) An improved micropropagation protocol for teak. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 71:1–6
Torrey JG (1958) Differential mitotic response of diploid and polyploidy nuclei to auxin and kinetin treatment. Sci 128:1148
Tripathi M, Kumari N (2010) Micropropagation of a tropical fruit tree Spondias mangifera Willd. through direct organogenesis. Acta Physiol Plant 32:1011–1015
Tsay HS, Lee CY, Agrawal DC, Basker S (2006) Influence of ventilation closure, gelling agent and explant type on shoot bud proliferation and hyperhydricity in Scrophularia yoshmurae—a medicinal plant. Plant 42:445–449
Tsumara SE, Maschinski J, Keim P (1996) An analysis of genetic variation in Astragalus cremnophylax var. cremnophylax, a critically endangered plant using AFLP markers. Mol Ecol 5:735–745
Tsvetkov I, Hausman JE (2005) In vitro regeneration from alginate encapsulated microcuttings of Quercus sp. Sci Hort 103:503–507
Tsvetkov I, Huasman JF, Jouve L (2007) Thidiazuron-induced regeneration in root segments of White Popular (P. alba L.). Bulgarian J Agri Sci 13:623–626
Van Huylenbroeck J, Debergh PC (1996) Impact of sugar concentration in vitro on photosynthesis and carbon metabolism during ex vitro acclimatization of Spathiphyllum plantlets. Phys Plant 96:298–304
Van Huylenbroeck JM, Piqueras A, Debergh PC (2000) The evolution of photosynthesis capacity and the antioxidant enzymatic system during acclimatization of micropropagated Calathea plants. Plant Sci 155:59–66
Van Huylenbroeck JM, Van Laere IMB, Piqueras A, Debergh PC, Buneo P (1998b) Time course of Catalase and Superoxide dismutase during acclimatization and growth of micropropagated Calathea and Spathiphyllum plants. Plant Growth Reg 26:7–14
Van Staden J, Zazimalova E, George EF (2008) Plant growth regulators II: Cytokinins, their analogues and antagonists. In: George EF, Hall MA, De Klerk GJ (eds) Plant propagation by tissue culture, 3rd edn. Springer, Dordrecht, p 205–226
Varshney A, Anis M (2011) Improvement of shoot morphogenesis in vitro and assessment of changes of the activity of antioxidant enzymes during acclimation of micropropagated plants of Desert Teak. Acta Physiol. Plant. (In Press). DOI 10.1007/s11738-011-0883-9
Varshney A, Lakshmikumaran M, Srivastava PS, Dhawan V (2001) Establishment of genetic fidelity of in vitro-raised Lilium bulblets through RAPD markers. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 37:227–231
Vasil IK (1959) Nucleic acids and the survival of excised anthers in vitro. Science 129:1487–1488
Vasil IK (ed) (1999) Advances in cellular and molecular biology of plants. Molecular improvement of cereal crops, vol 5. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Vejsadova H (2008) Growth regulator effect on in vitro regeneration of rhododendron cultivars. Hort. Sci. (Prague) 35:90–94
Vengadesan G, Selvaraj N, Amutha S, Ganapathi A (2002) In vitro propagation of Acacia species—a review. Plant Sci 163:663–671
Venkatachalam L, Sreedha RV, Bhagyalakshmi N (2007) Micropropagation in banana using high levels of cytokinins does not involve any genetic changes as revealed by RAPD and ISSR markers. Plant Growth Regul 51:193–205
Viana da Silva C, Silva de Oliveira L, Loriato VAP, Campos da Silva L, Salabert de Campos JM, Viccini LF, Jardim de Oliveira E, Otoni WC (2011) Organogenesis from root explants of commercial populations of Passiflora edulis Sims and a wild passionfruit species, P. cincinnata Masters. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 107:407–416
Vila S, Gonzalez A, Rey H, Mroginski L (2005) Plant regeneration, origin, and development of shoot buds from root segments of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) seedlings. In Vitro Cell. Dev Biol- Plant. 41:746–751
Virchow R (1858) Die Cellullarpathologie im ihrer Begru¨ngung und physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre. A Hirschwald, Berlin
Vochting H (1878) Uber Oganbildung im Pflanzenreich. Max Cohen, Bonn
Von Willert DJ, Matyssek R, Herppich W (1995) Experimentelle Pflanzenokologie. Gundlagem and Anwendungen, New York
Vos P, Hogers R, Blecker M, Reujans M, Van de Le T, Hornes M, Frijiters A, Pot A, Pelemen J, Kuiper M, Zabeau M (1995) AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res 23:4407–4414
Wang HM, Zu YG, Dong FL, Zhao XJ (2005) Assessment of factors affecting in vitro shoot regeneration from axillary bud explants of Camptotheca acuminata. J Fores Res 16:52–54
Wang Q (1991) Shoot multiplication of pear in double-phase medium culture. Acta Hortic 289:349–350
Welsh J, McClelland M (1991) Genomic fingerprinting using arbitrarily primed PCR and a matrix of pairwise combinations of primers. Nucleic Acids Res 19:5275–5279
Went FW (1928) Wuchstoff und Wachstum. Rec Trav Bot Neerl 25:1–116
Went FW, Thimann KV (1937) Phytohormones. The MacMillan Co., New York
Werbrouck SPO, Strnad M, Van Onckelen HA, Debergh PC (1996) Meta-topolin, an alternative to benzyladenine in tissue culture? Physiol. Plant 98:291–297
West TP, Ravindra MB, Preece JE (2006) Encapsulation, cold storage and growth of Hibiscus moscheutos nodal segments. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 87:223–231
White PR (1934a) Potentially unlimited growth of excised tomato root tips in a liquid medium. Plant Physiol 9:585–600
White PR (1934b) Multiplication of the viruses of tobacco and Aucuba mosaics in growing excised tomato root tips. Phytopath 24:1003–1011
White PR (1939) Potentially unlimited growth of excised plant callus in an artificial nutrient. Am J Bot 26:59–64
White PR (1942) Plant tissue cultures. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 11:615–628
White PR (1943) A handbook of plant tissue culture. Jacques Cattell Press, Tempe
Williams JGK, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV (1990) DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primres are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res 18:6531–6535
Williamson B, Cooke DEL, Duncan JM, Leifert C (1998) Fungal infections of micropropagated plants at weaning: a problem exemplified by downy mildews in Rubus and Rosa. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 52:89–96
Winton L (1968) Plantlets from asper tissue cultures. Sci 160:1234–1235
Wolter KE (1968) Root and shoot initiation in aspen callus cultures. Nature 219:509–510
Xu J, Yuzhen W, Zhang Y, Chai T (2008) Rapid in vitro multiplication and ex vitro rooting of Malus zumi (Matsumura) Rehd. Acta Physiol Plant 30:129–232
Yan H, Liang C, Yang L, Li Y (2010) In vitro and ex vitro rooting of Siratia grosvenorii, a traditional medicinal plant. Acta Physiol Plant 32:115–120
Yancheva SD, Golubowicz S, Fisher E, Lev-Yadun S, Flaishman MA (2003) Auxin type and timing of application determine the activation of the developmental program during in vitro organogenesis in apple. Plant Sci 165:299–309
Yannarelli GG, Gallego SM, Tomaro ML (2006) Effect of UV-B radiation on the activity and isoforms of enzymes with peroxidase activity in sunflower cotyledons. Environ Exp Bot 56:174–181
Yasodha R, Sumathi R, Gurumurthi K (2004) Micropropagation for quality propagule production in plantation forestry. Indian J Biotechnol 3:159–170
Yeo DY, Reed BM (1995) Micropropagation of three Pyrus rootstocks. HortSci 30:620–623
Yue D, Gosselin A, Desjardins Y (1993) Re-examination of the photosynthetic capacity of in vitro-cultured strawberry plantlets. J Am Soc Hort Sci 118:419–424
Zhihui S, Tzitzikas M, Raemakers K, Zhengqiang M, Visser R (2009) Effect of TDZ on plant regeneration from mature seeds in pea (Pisum sativum). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol- Plant 45:776–782
Zietkiewicz E, Rafalski A, Labuda D (1994) Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics 20:176–183
Zimmerman RH, Fordham I (1985) Simplified method for rooting apple cultivars in vitro. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 110:34–38
Zobayed SMA, Saxena PK (2003) In vitro-grown roots: a superior explants for prolific shoot regeneration of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L. cv. “New Stem”) in a temporary immersion bioreactor. Plant Sci 165:463–470
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Varshney, A., Anis, M. (2014). Review of Literature. In: Trees: Propagation and Conservation. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1701-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1701-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-1700-8
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-1701-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)