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Legume–Rhizobia Symbiosis and Interactions in Agroecosystems

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Plant Microbe Symbiosis: Fundamentals and Advances

Abstract

In the present scenario, when the population of the world is expected to become 8–9 billion by 2040, the major concern is to maintain sustained food supply. Production of high-quality protein-rich food is extremely dependent on the availability of sufficient nitrogen. Nitrogen though abundant on Earth is unavailable to plants. Indiscriminate use of nitrogenous chemical fertilisers has significantly increased food production and quality but at the same time affected ecosystem sustainability. Hence, the process of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) has gained considerable significance. BNF is both free-living as well as symbiotic. Symbiotic N2 fixation accounts for about 65 % of the total biologically fixed nitrogen. Frankia and rhizobia are two groups that fix atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically. Out of these, rhizobia–legume symbiosis accounts for about 45 % of nitrogen being used in agriculture. Rhizobia and legumes both are diverse. Currently 98 species of legume-nodulating bacteria have been identified within 13 bacterial genera, 11 in α-proteobacteria, whereas 2 in β-proteobacteria. Similarly, 13,000 species have been identified in 700 legume genera. Specificity of nodulation is an important attribute of legume–rhizobia symbiosis and is governed by both legume and rhizobial signals. For any successful legume–rhizobia symbiosis, interaction with other belowground microbes like AM fungi is also important. Here we give an account of rhizobial diversity and systematics, signals governing legume–rhizobia symbiosis, genes regulating nodulation and nitrogen fixation and legume–rhizobia–AM interactions.

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Acknowledgements

 Our work on tree and legume rhizobia has been supported through the Centre for Research on Bacteria and Archaea, under All India Coordinated Project on Taxonomy (AICOPTAX) of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. Authors thank Mr. Mukesh Samant and Ms. Komal Agarwal for use of unpublished data.

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  1. Department of Microbiology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263 145, Uttarakhand, India

    Asmita Rajwar & Manvika Sahgal

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Bhavdish N. Johri

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Correspondence to Manvika Sahgal .

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  1. Environmental Microbiology, School of Environmental Sciences Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Naveen Kumar Arora

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Rajwar, A., Sahgal, M., Johri, B.N. (2013). Legume–Rhizobia Symbiosis and Interactions in Agroecosystems. In: Arora, N. (eds) Plant Microbe Symbiosis: Fundamentals and Advances. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1287-4_9

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