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Petrology, Bulk-Rock Geochemistry, Indicator Mineral Composition and Zircon U–Pb Geochronology of the End-Cretaceous Diamondiferous Mainpur Orangeites, Bastar Craton, Central India

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Proceedings of 10th International Kimberlite Conference

Abstract

The end-Cretaceous diamondiferous Mainpur orangeite field comprises six pipes (Behradih, Kodomali, Payalikhand, Jangara, Kosambura and Bajaghati) located at the NE margin of the Bastar craton, central India. The preservation of both diatreme (Behradih) and hypabyssal facies (Kodomali) in this domain implies differential erosion. The Behradih samples are pelletal and tuffisitic in their textural habit, whereas those of the Kodomali pipe have inequigranular texture and comprise aggregates of two generations of relatively fresh olivines. The Kosambura pipe displays high degrees of alteration and contamination with silicified macrocrysts and carbonated groundmass. Olivine, spinel and clinopyroxene in the Behradih and the Kodomali pipes share overlapping compositions, whereas the groundmass phlogopite and perovskite show conspicuous compositional differences. The bulk-rock geochemistry of both the Behradih and Kodomali pipes has a more fractionated nature compared to southern African orangeites. Incompatible trace elements and their ratios readily distinguish them from the Mesoproterozoic Wajrakarur (WKF) and the Narayanpet kimberlites (NKF) from the eastern Dharwar craton, southern India, and bring out their similarity in petrogenesis to southern African orangeites. The pyrope population in the Mainpur orangeites is dominated by the calcic-lherzolitic variety, with sub-calcic harzburgitic and eclogitic garnets in far lesser proportion. Garnet REE distribution patterns from the Behradih and Payalikhand pipes display “smooth” as well as “sinusoidal” chondrite-normalised patterns. They provide evidence for the presence of a compositionally layered end-Cretaceous sub-Bastar craton mantle, similar to that reported from many other cratons worldwide. The high logfO2 of the Mainpur orangeite magma (ΔNNO (nickel-nickel oxide) of +0.48 to +4.46 indicates that the redox state of the lithospheric mantle cannot be of first-order control for diamond potential and highlights the dominant role of other factors such as rapid magma transport. The highly diamondiferous nature, the abundance of calcic-lherzolitic garnets and highly oxidising conditions prevailing at the time of eruption make the Mainpur orangeites clearly “anomalous” compared to several other kimberlite pipes worldwide. U–Pb dating of zircon xenocrysts from the Behradih pipe yielded distinct Palaeoproterozoic ages with a predominant age around 2,450 Ma. The lack of Archean-aged zircons, in spite of the fact that the Bastar craton is the oldest continental nuclei in the Indian shield with an Eoarchaean crust of 3.5–3.6 Ga, could either be a reflection of the sampling process or of the modification of the sub-Bastar lithosphere by the invading Deccan plume-derived melts during the Late Cretaceous.

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Acknowledgments

NVCR thanks the Head, Department of Geology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University for providing logistics for undertaking field trip to Mainpur area and to the Humboldt Foundation for support. DM thanks Directorate of Mines and Geology, Chhattisgarh for support, permission and encouragement for carrying out studies on the Mainpur pipes and their xenocrysts. Chiranjeeb Sarkar and Graham Pearson are thanked for their helpful reviews.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    N. V. Chalapathi Rao

  2. Mineral Resources, Technical University of Clausthal, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany

    B. Lehmann

  3. GEMOC, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia

    E. Belousova

  4. Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa

    D. Frei

  5. Directorate of Mines and Geology, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, 492007, India

    D. Mainkar

Authors
  1. N. V. Chalapathi Rao
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  2. B. Lehmann
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  3. E. Belousova
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  4. D. Frei
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  5. D. Mainkar
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to N. V. Chalapathi Rao .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

    D Graham Pearson

  2. Dept of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

    Herman S Grütter

  3. School of Geographical & Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

    Jeff W Harris

  4. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Bruce A Kjarsgaard

  5. Finland Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), Espoo, Finland

    Hugh O’Brien

  6. Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    N V Chalapathi Rao

  7. School of Earth Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom

    Steven Sparks

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© 2013 Geological Society of India

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Chalapathi Rao, N.V., Lehmann, B., Belousova, E., Frei, D., Mainkar, D. (2013). Petrology, Bulk-Rock Geochemistry, Indicator Mineral Composition and Zircon U–Pb Geochronology of the End-Cretaceous Diamondiferous Mainpur Orangeites, Bastar Craton, Central India. In: Pearson, D., et al. Proceedings of 10th International Kimberlite Conference. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1170-9_7

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