Skip to main content

Terminology and Cultural Issues in the Diagnosis and Treatment of GERD in Asia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Rise of Acid Reflux in Asia
  • 364 Accesses

Abstract

The multiethnic, multicultural spectrum of Asia makes it a suitable region for study of the role of these factors and diet on GERD prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment. There is a paucity of studies addressing these aspects from many parts of Asia. Basic pathophysiological factors may be common with the West, but studies show differences in prevalence and intensity and recent time-trend changes. Some of these differences may be attributed to language and culture, leading to limitations in diagnosis. Although proton-pump inhibitors are the standard of care for treatment of GERD in Asia, especially in institutes, alternative treatment modalities are quite frequently in use.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. El-Serag HB, Petersen NJ, Carter J, Graham DY, Richardson P, Genta RM, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux among different racial groups in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(7):1692–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dent J, El-Serag HB, Wallander MA, Johansson S. Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2005;54:710–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Ronkainen J, Agreus L. Epidemiology of reflux symptoms and GORD. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;27:325–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bhatia SJ, Reddy DN, Ghoshal UC, Jayanthi V, Abraham P, Choudhuri G, et al. Epidemiology and symptom profile of gastroesophageal reflux in the Indian population: report of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2011;30(3):118–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sharma PK, Ahuja V, Madan K, Gupta S, Raizada A, Sharma MP. Prevalence, severity, and risk factors of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease among employees of a large hospital in northern India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2011;30:128–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Jafri N, Jafri W, Yakoob J, Islam M, Manzoor S, Jalil A, et al. Perception of gastroesophageal reflux disease in urban population in Pakistan. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2005;15(9):532–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lien HC, Chang CS, Yeh HZ, Ko CW, Chang HY, Cheng KF, et al. Increasing prevalence of erosive esophagitis among Taiwanese aged 40 years and above: a comparison between two time periods. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43:926–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang JH, Luo JY, Dong L, Gong J, Tong M. Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a general population-based study in Xi'an of Northwest China. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:1647–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Wong WM, Lai KC, Lam KF, Hui WM, Hu WH, Lam CL, et al. Prevalence, clinical spectrum and health care utilization of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in a Chinese population: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18(6):595–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rokonuzzaman SM, Bhuian MR, Ali MH, Paul GK, Khan MR, Mamun AA. Epidemiological study of gastro-esophageal reflux disease in rural population. Mymensingh Med J. 2011;20:463–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Mohammed I, Nightingale P, Trudgill NJ. Risk factors for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a community study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:821–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ho KY, Kang JY, Seow A. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in a multiracial Asian population, with particular reference to reflux-type symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:1816–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Rajendra S, Alahuddin S. Racial differences in the prevalence of heartburn. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:375–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Jung HK. Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia: a systematic review. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;17:14–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Goh KL, Wong HT, Lim CH, Rosaida MS. Time trends in peptic ulcer, erosive reflux oesophagitis, gastric and oesophageal cancers in a multiracial Asian population. Aliment Pharmacol Therap. 2009;29:774–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Wu JC. Gastroesophageal reflux disease: an Asian perspective. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:1785–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Goh KL. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia: a historical perspective and present challenges. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26(Suppl 1):2–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Spechler SJ, Jain SK, Tendler DA, Parker RA. Racial differences in the frequency of symptoms and complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1795–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Klauser AG, Schindlbeck NE, Muller-Lissner SA. Symptoms in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Lancet. 1990;335:205–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Goh KL, Chang CS, Fock KM, Ke M, Park HJ, Lam SK. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in Asia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15:230–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kinoshita Y, Kawanami C, Kishi K, Nakata H, Seino Y, Chiba T. Helicobacter pylori-independent chronological change in gastric acid secretion in the Japanese. Gut. 1997;41:452–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Wong WM, Lai KC, Hui WM, Hu WH, Huang JQ, Wong NY, et al. Pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux diseases in Chinese--role of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and esophageal motor dysfunction. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:2088–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Rosaida MS, Goh KL. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, reflux oesophagitis and non-erosive reflux disease in a multiracial Asian population: a prospective, endoscopy based study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16:495–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yeh C, Hsu CT, Ho AS, Sampliner RE, Fass R. Erosive esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus in Taiwan: a higher frequency than expected. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42(4):702–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Corley DA, Kubo A, Zhao W. Abdominal obesity, ethnicity and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. Gut. 2007;56:756–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Corley DA, Kubo A. Body mass index and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2619–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Chang CJ, Wu CH, Chang CS, Yao WJ, Yang YC, Wu JS, et al. Low body mass index but high percent body fat in Taiwanese subjects: implications of obesity cutoffs. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(2):253–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Klotz U, Schwab M, Treiber G. CYP2C19 polymorphism and proton pump inhibitors. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004;95:2–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lim PW, Goh KL, Wong BC. CYP2C19 genotype and the PPIs--focus on rabeprazole. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20(Suppl):S22–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kawamura M, Ohara S, Koike T, Iijima K, Suzuki J, Kayaba S, et al. The effects of lansoprazole on erosive reflux oesophagitis are influenced by CYP2C19 polymorphism. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17(7):965–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Egan LJ, Myhre GM, Mays DC, Dierkhising RA, Kammer PP, Murray JA. CYP2C19 pharmacogenetics in the clinical use of proton-pump inhibitors for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: variant alleles predict gastric acid suppression, but not oesophageal acid exposure or reflux symptoms. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:1521–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wong WM, Lai KC, Hui WM, Lam KF, Huang JQ, Hu WH, et al. Double-blind, randomized controlled study to assess the effects of lansoprazole 30 mg and lansoprazole 15 mg on 24-h oesophageal and intragastric pH in Chinese subjects with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:455–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kaswala D, Shah S, Mishra A, Patel H, Patel N, Sangwan P, et al. Can yoga be used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease? Int J Yoga. 2013;6:131–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Benson H. Hypnosis and the relaxation response. Gastroenterology. 1989;96:1609–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Goldman MC. Gastric secretion during a medical interview. Psychosomat Med. 1963;25:351–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ganz RA, Peters JH, Horgan S, Bemelman WA, Dunst CM, Edmundowicz SA, et al. Esophageal sphincter device for gastroesophageal reflux disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(8):719–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhang CX, Qin YM, Guo BR. Clinical study on the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux by acupuncture. Chin J Integr Med. 2010;16:298–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Zou D, Chen WH, Iwakiri K, Rigda R, Tippett M, Holloway RH. Inhibition of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations by electrical acupoint stimulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005;289:G197–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dickman R, Schiff E, Holland A, Wright C, Sarela SR, Han B, et al. Clinical trial: acupuncture vs. doubling the proton pump inhibitor dose in refractory heartburn. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:1333–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ku SK, Seo BI, Park JH, Park GY, Seo YB, Kim JS, et al. Effect of Lonicerae Flos extracts on reflux esophagitis with antioxidant activity. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:4799–805.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Patrick L. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a review of conventional and alternative treatments. Alt Med Rev. 2011;16:116–33.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Bulat R, Fachnie E, Chauhan U, Chen Y, Tougas G. Lack of effect of spearmint on lower oesophageal sphincter function and acid reflux in healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13:805–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Leon J, Czarnocki Z. Melatonin as an antioxidant: biochemical mechanisms and pathophysiological implications in humans. Acta Biochim Polonica. 2003;50:1129–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kandil TS, Mousa AA, El-Gendy AA, Abbas AM. The potential therapeutic effect of melatonin in gastro-esophageal reflux disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;10:7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philip Abraham .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer India

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Parikh, H., Abraham, P. (2018). Terminology and Cultural Issues in the Diagnosis and Treatment of GERD in Asia. In: Sharma, P., Bhatia, S., Goh, K. (eds) The Rise of Acid Reflux in Asia. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0846-4_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0846-4_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi

  • Print ISBN: 978-81-322-0845-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-81-322-0846-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics