Abstract
Economies are large and complex organizational structures comprising three basic institutions, viz., households, businesses and corporates, and governments, which are the building blocks of all economic activities. They are all involved in economic activities such as production, consumption, saving, and investment. These four basic economic parameters that determine the behavior of any economy and its dynamics generate income and expenditure. Imports and exports are basically constituents of these parameters. All economies are targeted toward production and its growth. Economic growth measured in annual increase in gross domestic product (GDP) is the goal all economies aspire to attain. All economies are targeted and oriented toward achieving higher GDP growth. The emerging economies like China and India are aspiring to achieve 10% annual growth, while mature economies like the USA, Europe, and Japan are struggling to keep out of negative growth territory and targeting to achieve growth in the range of 2–4%. Although economic policies of every nation are aimed toward higher production, the end of all economic activity is consumption. It is this economic parameter, the consumption that drives production. The other crucial parameter that drives economic growth is investment. In an open economy where foreign trade is relatively important segment of the economy, exports also trigger and sustain growth. The classic example of this growth was in Japan and Germany, which are both export-driven economies, in the postwar period until the 1980s. In China and other smaller Asian Tigers, both exports and foreign investments fuelled economic miracle since the late 1980s.
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Notes
- 1.
Report of Presidential Task Force on Market Mechanism, Brady Commission Report, January, 1988.
- 2.
National Bureau of Economic Research, Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions, www.nber.org/cycles
- 3.
Bank for International Settlement, 75th Annual Report: April 1, 2004–March 31, Basel, June, 2005, p. 15.
- 4.
Bureau of Economic Analysis, US Dept. of Commerce and Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Dept. of Labor.
- 5.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of labor.
- 6.
Zandi Mark, pp. 160–1.
- 7.
Ibid, p. 164.
- 8.
The book in addition to outlining Solow’s Steady State Growth Model gives the review of later developments in growth theory.
References
Keynes JM. The general theory of employment, interest and money. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd.; 1961.
Solow Robert M. Growth theory: an exposition. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000.
Minsky HP. Stabilizing an unstable economy. New York: McGraw Hill; 2008.
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Nayak, S. (2013). Pathology of the Crisis. In: The Global Financial Crisis. Springer, India. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0798-6_1
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